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Frequency Distributions & Graphs

This document discusses organizing and displaying data using frequency distributions and graphs. It describes three types of frequency distributions - categorical, ungrouped, and grouped - and provides guidelines for constructing a grouped frequency distribution. A procedure is outlined for creating a grouped frequency distribution which involves finding the range and number of classes, calculating the class width, and determining the class limits and boundaries to organize the raw data.

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Carilyn Alvarez
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
104 views

Frequency Distributions & Graphs

This document discusses organizing and displaying data using frequency distributions and graphs. It describes three types of frequency distributions - categorical, ungrouped, and grouped - and provides guidelines for constructing a grouped frequency distribution. A procedure is outlined for creating a grouped frequency distribution which involves finding the range and number of classes, calculating the class width, and determining the class limits and boundaries to organize the raw data.

Uploaded by

Carilyn Alvarez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

& GRAPHS
• Organizing Data
• Histograms, Frequency Polygons,
and Ogives
• Other Types of Graphs
ORGANIZING DATA
 When data are collected in original form,
they are called RAW DATA.
 When a raw data is organized into a
frequency distribution, the frequency
will be the number of values in a specific
class of the distribution.
 A frequency distribution is the
organizing of raw data in table form, using
classes and frequencies.
Three Types of Frequency
Distributions
 Categorical frequency distributions
◦ use for data that can be placed in specific
categories, such as nominal, ordinal data.
◦ Examples: political affiliation, religious
affiliation, blood type etc.
CLASS FREQUENCY PERCENT
A 5 20
B 7 28
O 9 36
AB 4 16
Three Types of Frequency
Distributions
 Ungrouped Frequency distributions

◦ Used for data that can be enumerated and


when the range of values in the data set is not
large.
CLASS FREQUENCY
5 24
10 16
15 10
Three Types of Frequency
Distributions
 Grouped Frequency distributions
◦ Can be used when the range of values in the
data set is very large. The data must be
grouped into classes that are more than one
unit in width.
Class Limits Class Boundaries Frequency Percent
24-30 23.5-30.5 3 12
31-37 30.5-37.5 1 4
38-44 37.5-44.5 5 20
45-51 44.5-51.5 9 36
52-58 51.5-58.5 6 24
59-65 58.5-65.5 1 4
Terms associated with a Grouped
Frequency Distributions
 Class limits represent the smallest and
largest data that can be included in a
class.
 The first class are the class limits.
 The Lower class limit is 24 and the upper
class limit is 30.
 The Class boundaries are used to
separate the classes so that there are no
gaps in the frequency distribution.
Terms associated with a Grouped
Frequency Distributions

 The class width for a class in a frequency


distribution is found by subtracting the
lower class limit of one class minus the
lower or upper class limit of the previous
class.
Guidelines for Constructing a
Frequency Distribution
 There should be enough classes; between
5 to 20 classes.
 It is preferable ( but not necessary) that
the class width should be an odd number.
 The class must be mutually exclusive.
 The classes must be continuous.
 The classes must be exhaustive.
 The class must be equal in width.
Procedure for constructing a
Grouped Frequency Distribution
 Find the highest and lowest value.
 Find the range.
 Select the no. of classes (k) desired.
or k = 𝑛, where n=sample size.
 Find the width by dividing the range by
the number of classes and rounding up.
 Select a starting point ( usually the lowest
value); add the width to get the lower
limits.
Procedure for constructing a
Grouped Frequency Distribution

 Find the upper class limits.


 Find the boundaries.
 Tally the data, find the frequencies, and
find the cumulative frequency.
Procedure for constructing a
Grouped Frequency Distribution
EXAMPLE:
In a survey of 20 patients who smoked, the
following data were obtained. Each value
represents the number of cigarettes the
patients smoked per day. Construct a
frequency distribution using six classes.
Example:
10 8 6 14
22 13 17 19
11 9 18 14
13 12 15 15
5 11 16 11

Step 1: find the highest and lowest values


Step 2: Find the range: R= H-L
Step 3: Select the number of classes desired.
Step 4: Find the class width by dividing the range the number of
classes.
Step 5: select the starting point for the lower class limit.
Step 6: find the class boundaries by subtracting 0.5 from lower class
limits and add 0.5 to upper class limit.

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