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Types of Variables

This document defines different types of variables that can be measured in a study and provides examples. It discusses dependent variables, which are assumed to change based on other factors, and independent variables, which are the assumed causes of change in dependent variables. It also covers antecedent variables, which influence independent variables, and intervening variables, which are factors between independent and dependent variables. The document stresses the importance of clearly defining variables in terms of observable and measurable terms.

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Nicole Joy Joestar
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47 views16 pages

Types of Variables

This document defines different types of variables that can be measured in a study and provides examples. It discusses dependent variables, which are assumed to change based on other factors, and independent variables, which are the assumed causes of change in dependent variables. It also covers antecedent variables, which influence independent variables, and intervening variables, which are factors between independent and dependent variables. The document stresses the importance of clearly defining variables in terms of observable and measurable terms.

Uploaded by

Nicole Joy Joestar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TYPES OF VARIABLES

What is a Variable?
 It is a concept that stands for variation within a cla
ss of objects or persons.

 A variable is a characteristics or property that can ta


ke different values or attributes.

 Variables are the basic elements which are measur


ed in a study. They are observable and measurable.
Examples of Variables
 Age
 Sex
 Marital status
 Income
 Type of work
 Location of a business
Revenue
Types of Variables
1. Dependent Variable
2. Independent Variable
3. Antecendent Variable
4. Intervening Variable
Types of Variable
Dependent Variable
 The dependent variable is the assumed effect of
another variable.
 It is the change that occurs in the study populati
on when one or more factors are changed or wh
en an intervention is introduced.
Usually dependent variable is the problem itself.
Independent Variable
 It the assumed cause of the problem.
 It is assumed reason for any change or va
riation in a dependent variable.
Example
Research Title:
"Self-Esteem and English speaking skills of the
Grade 11 students"
Independent variable
Self-Esteem
Dependent variable
English speaking skills
Antecedent Variable
 A factor or characteristics which is fou
nd before (ante) the independent variab
le.
 It is expected to influence the indepen
dent variable
 It is usually irreversible
Example
Research Title:
"Extent of Exposure to Print Media and Reading Ability of
Grade 12 Students"
Antecedent Variable
 Sex, Residence, Parents Education
Independent Variable
 Extent of Exposure
Dependent Variable
 Reading Ability
Intervening Variable
A factor that works "between" the ind
ependent and dependent variables.
It is called a "facilitating variable", "mo
derator" or a "control variable".
Example
Research Title:
"Knowledge of the Dangers of Smoking, Attitudes towa
rds Life and Smoking Habitats of Grade 12 students"
Independent Variable
 Knowledge of the dangers of smoking
Intervening Variable
Attitudes towards life
Dependent Variable
Smoking habits
OPERATION AND DEFINITION O
F VARIABLES
 It gives a specific meaning to the variable.
 The definition clarifies how a variable or a t
erm is used and measured in the study.
 A variable must be defined in terms of meas
urement that are observable by the senses.
Example of Operational Defin
ition
Research Title:
"Self-Esteem and English speaking skills of the
Grade 11 students"
English Speaking Skills -refer to an interactive
skill to construct meaning that involves produc
ing and receiving and processing information u
sing the English language.
Example of Operational Definition
Self-esteem - refers to a factor that triggers the s
tudent's achievement in speking English. Self-este
em is one of the personality variables that contrib
utes to the oral production achievement because
the students will achieve their success in learning
a foreign language if they feel confident and belie
ve in themselves (Brown, 1994 & 2000 in Gustama
n, 2016).
THANK YOU�

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