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Carnation

Carnation is the second most important cut flower after roses. There are many varieties of carnation including Chabaud, Border, Picotee, Malmaison, Perpetuals, and Spray carnations. Carnations grow best in sandy loam soil with a pH of 5.5-6.5 and are propagated through stem cuttings. Pests like mites, aphids, and thrips and diseases like fusarium wilt and alternaria leaf spot require chemical and biological control. Physiological disorders like calyx splitting, sleepiness, and slabside can impact quality and require management practices during cultivation and harvesting. With proper cultivation techniques, standard carnations can yield 200-350 flowers

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DR V S PATIL
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228 views

Carnation

Carnation is the second most important cut flower after roses. There are many varieties of carnation including Chabaud, Border, Picotee, Malmaison, Perpetuals, and Spray carnations. Carnations grow best in sandy loam soil with a pH of 5.5-6.5 and are propagated through stem cuttings. Pests like mites, aphids, and thrips and diseases like fusarium wilt and alternaria leaf spot require chemical and biological control. Physiological disorders like calyx splitting, sleepiness, and slabside can impact quality and require management practices during cultivation and harvesting. With proper cultivation techniques, standard carnations can yield 200-350 flowers

Uploaded by

DR V S PATIL
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CARNATION

DR V S PATIL
TYPES OF CARNATION
• Chabaud or Marguerite
• Border and Picotee
a) Selfs : The flowers are of a single colour
b) Flakes : The flowers have a ground colour striped
with another shade
c) Bizarres : The flowers have a ground colour marked
and flaked with two or three other tints
d)Fancies : The flowers which do not come into the
above subdivisions
INTRODUCTION

• Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)


• Most popular commercial cut flowers of the world
• Second in commercial importance next only to rose
• Excellent keeping quality, wide range of forms and
colors and ability to withstand long distance
transportation
• Cut carnations, roses and chrysanthemums
contribute close to 50% of the world cut flower trade
• Malmaison
• Perpetuals
• Standard carnations
• Spray carnations
VARIETIES
• Arka Flame: Developed by the Indian Institute of
Horticultural Research, Bangalore.
CULTIVATION

Soil:
• Sandy loam soils rich in organic matter content with
• pH of 5.5-6.5
• Clay and silt soil can be improved by incorporating
organic matter or compost.
• The soil must be well drained because the crop is
highly susceptible to fusarium wilt
Climate:
• Temperature: 10-11°C during winter and 13-15.5°C
in summer. The optimum day temperature range is
18-24°C
• High day and night temperatures, especially during
flowering of carnation result in abnormal flower
opening and calyx splitting
• Calyx splitting of flower can be minimized by
regulating temperature of the polyhouse to 15.6°C
on cool days and 18.3°C on sunny days
• Light:
The critical photoperiod for most standard and spray
carnations is about 13 hours
• Humidity:
For commercial cultivation, the humidity of
greenhouse should be maintained at 80-85% during
beginning of vegetative growth and 60-65% during
full growth stage
• Ventilation:
A ventilation of 25-30% of the polyhouse ground
area is ideal.
Growing structures

• Poly greenhouse provided with fan and pad system


can bring down the temperature by 8-10°C
Propagation:
• Vegetative propagation:

• Commercially, carnation is multiplied through terminal cuttings

• Terminal cuttings of about 10-15 cm with 4-5 pairs of


leaves are harvested for multiplication

• Cuttings are rooted in mist chambers or indigenously fabricated low


cost propagation chambers

• The low cost portable propagation tunnel of size 3m x 1.5m x 1.5m


is covered with plastic cover

• Treatment of cuttings with a combination of fungicides such as


Dithane M-45 and Bavistin each @ 0.1% for half an hour before
planting reduces the spread of fungal diseases during rooting
• In general:
20-35%, moisture content, 60% porosity, 30-40%
aeration and a pH ranging between 6.0 and 6.8 are
the most favourable physical conditions of the
rooting medium
Land preparation:
• Soil should be deeply ploughed not less than 60 to
70 cm depth.
• Organic matter should be added to improve the
aeration and fertility of soil.
• Generally, well decomposed FYM @ 25 kg, leaf
mould @ 25 kg, neem cake @ 500gm and bone meal
@ 200gm per sqm can be added
• Adding cocopeat (3kg), humic acid granules (5g),
Seaweed granules (5g) and micronutrients (3g) per
m2 can improve the texture and nutrient status
Bed preparation:
• Basal fertilizer dose of single super phosphate @ 200
g/m2, potassium sulphate @ 150 g/m2 magnesium
sulphate @ 50 g/m2 and borax @ 2 g/m2 should be
evenly spread Apart from the above fertilizers
• Bio-fertilizers and bio-control agents for the control
of pest and diseases can be incorporated to soil at
the time of bed preparation.
• Azospirillum, Phosphobcteria, Trichoderma viridi,
Pseudomonas fluorescens, VAM each 1 kg can be
added for 500m2 area for enriching the soil.
• Planting:
• Spacing - 15 x 15cm (30 - 33 plants/m2)
• Four row or six row system of planting
• Planting should be done at shallow depth with part
of the root zone exposed. Deep planting will lead to
rotting.
Irrigation:
• Drip irrigation has to be adopted
• 4-5 lit of water/m2 /day

Plant supports:
Netting: With GI wire of 16 gauge for length wise
fixing and nylon threads for width
• Bottom net is 7.5 x 7.5 cm
• Subsequent nets are 10 x 10 cm, 12.5 x 12.5 cm
• Upper net is 15 x 15 cm.
Nutrition:
Special operations

• Pinching: approximately 3-4 weeks after


planting
Single pinch:
• Main or leader shoot is removed leaving 5 pairs of leaves from
which 4-5 lateral shoots develop
• Higher proportion of quality blooms
Pinch and-a-half :
• Removal of main stem tip to induce 4-5 lateral shoots
• When these lateral shoots develop 5-6 pairs of leaves, only
half the number of the lateral shoots are pinched
• Double pinch:
• Main shoot is pinched once followed by pinching of all the
lateral shoots arising from the first pinch when they are about
6-8 cm long or develop 5-6 pairs of leaves
• Produces larger number of flower bearing shoots but produce
weak shoots and poor quality flowers
• Disbudding:
Pest management
• Red spider mite

Spraying Dicofol @ 2 ml/l or Wettable sulphur @ 5g/l or Propargite @ 2 ml/l


during initial stages and Abamectin 1.9 EC @ 0.5ml/l
• Aphids

Spraying the plants with Thiomethoxam 1 ml/l or Acetamiprid 1 ml/l or


Imidacloprid 17.8 SL 0.1 g/l will effectively control aphids.
Thrips:

Spraying Dimethoate 30 EC @ 1 ml/l or Fenitrothion 50 EC @ 3.5 ml/l or Malathion


50 EC @ 2 ml/l of water or application of Aldicarb 10G @ 5 g/m2 will control thrips.
Bud borer:

Manual destruction of the caterpillars and spraying of Novaluron @ 3


ml/lit or Indoxacarp 14.5 SL @ 1 ml/l or Fenitrothion 50 EC at 1.5ml/hl
will control the bud borer.
Disease management

Drenching the soil with Benomyl (0.1%) or Ridomil (0.2%) at three month intervals
starting from two weeks after planting and spraying with Bavistin @ 0.1% will reduce
the malady

Biological control - Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces sp, Trichoderma viride and


Pseudomonas fluorescens
• Alternaria leaf spot

Foliar application of Dithane M-45 @ 0.2% or Carbendazim @ 0.1% controls the


disease
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
• Calyx splitting
• Calyx splitting is a physiological disorder in carnation
affecting the flower quality
• This disorder can be minimized by calyx banding
• Calyx banding is the practice of placing a rubber
band or plastic tape around the calyx of the flower
bud when it just begins to open
Sleepiness:
• Sleepiness causes huge post harvest losses in cut
carnation
• It occurs due to exposure of flowers to ethylene or
water stress
• Management- Spraying of STS 0.4 mM before
harvesting
• Grassiness
• Failure of plants to produce flowers.
• Genetic disorder which varies from variety to variety.
• Removal and destruction of affected plants
Slabside
• This disorder refers to uneven opening of flower
buds resulting in the petals protruding on one side
only, giving an asymmetrical and lopsided shape to
the flower
• Common during cooler periods
• This can be overcome by gradually increasing the
temperature to optimum level
Harvesting
Yield
• The number of flowers in standard carnations ranges
between 8 and 12 flowers/ plant / year.
• In general 200-350 flowers/m2 can be obtained from
standard carnation, while 250 flowers/ m2 can be
obtain from spray carnation
Post harvest technology

Grading
Bunching
Tips to reap good profits from carnations

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