Urine Analysis
Urine Analysis
• Appearance
• Colour
• Volume
• Odour
• Specific gravity
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
1. Appearance
• Clear – Normal
4. Odour
Musty - phenylketonuria
Putrid - infection
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
5. Reaction & pH
METHODS
• Urinometer
• Refractometer
• Falling drop method
• Reagent strip
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
• Protein
• Glucose
• Ketone bodies
• Blood
• Bile pigments
• Bile salts
• Urobilinogen
PROTEIN
– Liver disease
– Intracranial injury
– Starvation
C. KETONE bodies
Hay’s test:
• Gmelin’s Test
• Harrison Fouchet test
BILE SALTS AND BILE PIGMENTS
OBSTRUCTIVE
JAUNDICE + –
HEPATOCELULLAR
JAUNDICE + +
HEMOLYTIC
JAUNDICE – +
F. BLOOD
• Pyelonephritis
• Urinary calculi
• Renal tuberculosis
• Tumours of kidney & urinary tract
• Sulfonamides & salicylates
1. Cells
(a). Pus cells
• Normal range is 2-5/HPF
• Pyogenic infection of
urinary tract and genital
tract
• Glomerulonephritis
• Kidney infarct
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
(a) tubular
(b) transitional
(c) squamous cells
CASTS
• Cylindrical structures with parallel edges, formed by
precipitation of proteins (Tamm Honsefall protein) within
DCT & collecting tubules
• Associated with pathological change in kidney
3. Abnormal crystals
(a) cysteine
(b) leucine
(c) Tyrosine
PARASITES IN URINE
Trichomonas vaginalis
BACERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
For M. tuberculosis
SPECIAL TESTS
HORMONES IN URINE
Commercially available
strips impregnated with
various reagents, for
easy & rapid testing of
various abnormal
constituents of urine.
URINE REPORT
Chief complaints:
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Appearance-Colour,clarity :
Odor :
Volume :
Specific gravity :
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
Reaction :
Proteins :
Sugar :
Ketone bodies :
Bile salts and pigments :
Urobilinogen :
MICROSCOPY
RBCS :
PUS CELLS :
EPITHELIAL CELL :
CASTS :
CRYSTALS :
OTHER FINDINGS :
IMPRESSION