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Cell Structure Function

Cell structure and function can be summarized as follows: 1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. 2. Cells contain organelles that carry out specific functions like the nucleus, which contains DNA, and mitochondria, which produce energy. 3. Plant and animal cells contain similar organelles but plant cells also contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

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Herzl Loraine Prio
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71 views31 pages

Cell Structure Function

Cell structure and function can be summarized as follows: 1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. 2. Cells contain organelles that carry out specific functions like the nucleus, which contains DNA, and mitochondria, which produce energy. 3. Plant and animal cells contain similar organelles but plant cells also contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

Uploaded by

Herzl Loraine Prio
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cell Structure

& Function
Protoplasm-the living part of the cell which is composed
of a complex mixture of inorganic and organic compounds.

• Elements- the 103 different basic kinds of materials that make


up the universe-C, Na, Fe, Cl
• Atom-the smallest unit that makes up an element which can enter
into a chemical combination
Molecule- the smallest particle of an element or
compound, consisting of two or more atoms, that is
capable of existing separately without loss of any
original chemical properties
Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells
through cell division.
Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is
capable of performing life
functions.

Cytology-the study of the


structure, composition and
functions of the cell.
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
Function of the cell
1. mechanical function- exhibited by the contraction of
muscle cells.
2. Chemical function-synthesis of protein, DNA, and RNA
3. Osmotic function- uptake of material by the cell from the
outside
4. Specialized functions
a. Nerve cell-conduction of impulses
b. microvilli- increases the surface for absorption
c. Cilia-propel foreign materials to the outside
d. Flagellum-single, longer cilium which propel the
sperm cell in its movements
Specific functions of the cell
• 1. nutrition
• 2. bioenergetics
• 3. biosynthesis
• 4. growth
• 5. excitability
• 6. reproduction
Two Types of Cells
Prokaryotic(pro-before;karyon-
nucleus) = does not
have a nucleus to contain its
DNA

Eukaryotic =cells with true nucleus


Prokaryotic
• Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
• Few internal
structures
• One-celled
organisms,
Bacteria
Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Most living organisms
Animal
Plant
“Typical” Animal Cell
“Typical” Plant Cell

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
Cell Parts

Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement
in and out of the cell
• Double layer

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Functions of the cell membrane
• 1. holds and protects the contents of the cell
• 2. serves as a limiting membrane that separates the cell
from the surrounding environment.
• 3.regulate the internal environment of the cell by
regulating incoming and out going materials
• 4. transport substances in and out of the cell like
nutrients, gases, hormones and waste products.
• 5. acts as receptors for specific stimuli
• 6. allows transmission of impulses for excitability
• 7. responsible for specificity-site of
histocompatibility;receptors
Cell Wall
• Most commonly found
in plant cells &
bacteria
• Supports & protects
cells

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell

INTRACELLULAR
Cytosome or Body of the cell

A. Nucleus
• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA
Functions
1. control center-directs cell division –
contains all hereditary information in
the form of genes
2. Controls protein synthesis
3. Controls metabolic activities of the
cell
parts of the nucleus
• A. Nuclear
membrane

• Surrounds nucleus

• Made of two layers


• Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus
B. Chromatin-clump of a dense
granular thread-like network which is
transformed into chromosomes during mitosis

• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics
Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Functions in the
construction of
ribosomes(control
protein synthesis)
b. Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around
in cell
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface
Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Make proteins
Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions –
breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell
Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste
removal
• Contains water
solution
• Help plants maintain
shape
Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant
cells
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where
photosynthesis takes
place

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