CULTURE AND

SOCIETY AS
ANTHROPOLOGICAL
AND SOCIOLOGICAL
CONCEPTS
 CULTURE is the process
by which a person
becomes all that they were
created capable of being.
-Thomas Carlyle
 Language
Working Medical
Schedules Cure

Clothes Religion

CULTURE
Manners Food

Folk
Jokes Celebrati Art
ons
 10. CULTURE is a composite or
multifarious areas that compromise
beliefs, practices, values, attitudes,
laws, norms, artifacts, symbols,
knowledge, and everything that a
person learns and shares as member
of society.
 A product of human interaction
 A social heritage that is complex and
socially transmitted
 Provides socially acceptable patterns
for meeting biological and social needs
 A distinguishing factor
 An established pattern of behavior
 Cumulative
 Meaningful to human beings
 Ideas

7. Behavior, Non-
Language and
material
gesture & CULTURE Symbols
habits

8. Religion
 9.
Technological
Tools
Material Architectural
6. Food CULTURE
Structures

5. Fashion &
Accessories
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
• 4. KNOWLEDGE – refers to any information
received and perceived to be true.
• 3. BELIEFS – the perception of accepted
reality. 2. REALITY refers to the existence of
things whether material or non-material.
• 1.SOCIAL NORMS – these are established
expectations of society as to how a person is
supposed to act depending on the
requirements of the time, place, or situation.
FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS:
• Folkways – the patterns of repetitive
behavior which becomes habitual &
conventional part of living
• Mores – the set of ethical standards
and moral obligations as dictates of
reason that distinguishes human
acts as right or wrong or good or bad
FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS:
• Values – Anything held to be
relatively worthy, important,
desirable, or valuable
• Technology – the practical
application of knowledge in
converting raw materials into
finished products
 ETHNOCENTRISM
AND
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
CULTURALVARIATION
refers to the differences in
social behaviors that
different cultures exhibit
around the world.
2 Important perceptions
on cultural variability:
Ethnocentrism – It is a perception
that arises from the fact that
cultures, differ and each culture
defines reality differently.
- Judging another culture solely
by the values and standards of
one’s own culture.
Cultural Relativism – The
attempt to judge behavior
according to its cultural context.
- The principle that an individual
person’s beliefs and activities
should be understood by others
in terms of that individual’s own
culture.
 LOOKING BACK AT
HUMAN BIOCULTURAL
AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION
 EVOLUTION is a natural process
of biological changes occurring
in a population across successive
generations.
SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
Species with a brain of a Broca’s area
Homo Habilis which is associated with speech in
modern humans and was the 1st to
make stone tools.
The ability to make and use tools is a
unique quality to humans such that
the species is recognized to be the
first true human.
The species name means “Handy
Man.” Lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million
years ago scavenging for food.
SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
Species characterized by a
Homo longer face, larger molar and
premolar teeth, and having a
Rudolfensis larger braincase compared to
habilis particularly larger
frontal lobes, areas of the brain
that processes information. The
species lived about 1.9 ton to
18 million years ago.
SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
Species name means “Upright
Homo Man” with body proportions
similar to that of modern humans
Erectus Lived 1.89 to 143,000 years ago;
adapted to hot climates and
mostly spread in Africa and Asia.
They were the first hunters with
improvised tools such as axes and
knives, and were the 1st to
produce fire.
SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
Species w/ large brow ridge and
Homo short wide bodies that lived
about 700,000 to 200,000 years
Heidelber- ago in Europe and Africa. They
were the 1st of early human
genesis species to live in colder
climates, 1st to hunt large
animals on routine basis using
spears, and 1st to construct
human shelters.
SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
Species nicknamed “Hobbit”
Homo due to their small stature
with a height of more or less
Floresiensis 3 feet & lived 95,000 to
17,000 yrs ago in the island
of Flores, Indonesia along
with other dwarfed animal
species.
SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
Subspecies w/ short yet
Homo stocky in body build adapted
to winter climates especially
Sapiens in icy cold places in Europe
& Asia. The subspecies, also
Neandertha- known as “Neanderthal
Man,” is the closest relative
lensis of modern humans.
SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
The first to practice burial
Homo of their dead, hunting and
gathering food, & sewing
Sapiens clothes from animal skin
Neandertha- using bone needles. They
lived about 200,000 to
lensis 28,000 years ago.
SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
Subspecies known as Cro-
Homo magnon characterized to be
anatomically modern humans
Sapiens and lived in the last Ice Age of
Europe from 40,000 to 10,000
Sapiens years ago. They were the 1st to
produce art in cave paintings
& crafting decorated tools &
accessories.
Man’s Cultural
Evolution
CULTURAL TIME FRAME CULTURAL
PERIOD DEVELOPMENT
Use simple pebble tools
Paleolithic Traditionally Learned to live in caves
coincided w/ the Discovered the use of
Age st
1 evidence of fire
Developed small

(Old Stone tool sculptures; &

monumental painting,
construction & incised designs, & reliefs
Age) use by on the walls of caves.
“Food-collecting
Homosome 2.5 cultures”
million years ago
CULTURAL TIME FRAME CULTURAL
PERIOD DEVELOPMENT
Stone tools were shaped
Neolithic Occurred by polishing or grinding
Settlement in
Age sometime permanent villages
Dependence on

(New about domesticated plants or

animals

Stone Age) 10,000 BCE Appearance of such

crafts as pottery &
weaving
“Food-producing
cultures”
Simple Differentiation
of the Cultural
Evolution
PALEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC
AGE AGE
Unpolished Polished Stone
Stone Tools Tools
Hunting and Domestication of
Gathering plants and animals

Nomadic Way of Living in

Living permanent places
 Characteristics of Human Society
1.It is a social system.
2.A society is relatively large.
3.A society recruits most of its
members from within.
4.A society sustains itself across
generations.
 Characteristics of Human Society
5. A society’s members share a
culture.
6. A society occupies a territory.
 TYPES OF SOCIETIES
Type of Human Characteristics
Societies
• The earliest form of human society
1. Hunting and • People survived by foraging for
vegetable foods and collecting
Food Gathering shellfish.
• They subsisted from day to day on
Societies whatever was available.
• They used tools made of stones,
woods, and bones.
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies

2. Horticultural SUBSISTENCE FARMING:

• Involves only
Societies producing enough food
to feed the group
• The settlements are
small
• Neighborhood is solid
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies

2. Horticultural SUBSISTENCE FARMING:

• Political organization is
Societies confined in the village.
• Authority is based on
positions inherited by
males through the
kinship system.
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies

2. Horticultural SURPLUSFARMING:
• Practiced in thickly
Societies populated and
permanent
settlements.
• there was occupational
specialization w/
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies

2. Horticultural SURPLUSFARMING:
• Social stratification was
Societies well established.
• The community tended
to be structured by
kinship relations that
are male dominated.
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies

3. Pastoral • It relied on herding and

the domestication of
Societies animals for food and
clothing to satisfy the
greater needs of the
group.
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies

3. Pastoral • Most pastoralists

were nomads who
Societies
followed their herd
in a never-ending
quest for pasture and
water.
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies

3. Pastoral • It was organized along

male-centered kinship
Societies groups.
• It was usually united
under strong political
figures. However,
centralized political
leadership did not occur.
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies
4. Agricultural • These societies were
characterized by the use
Societies of the plow in farming.
• Creation of the
irrigation system
provided farming
enough surplus for the
community.
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies
• Ever-growing populations
4. Agricultural came together in broad
Societies river-valley system.
• Those who controlled
access to arable land and
its use became rich &
powerful since they could
demand the payment of
taxes & political support.
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies
4. Agricultural • By taxing the bulk of
agriculture surplus, the
Societies political leaders could
make bureaucracies
implement their plans
and armies to protect
their privileges.
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies
4. Agricultural • Social classes became
entrenched, and the
Societies state evolved.
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies
5. Industrial • It is characterized
Societies by more than just
the use of
mechanical means
of production.
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies
5. Industrial • It constitutes an
entirely new form of
Societies society that requires an
immense, mobile
diversity specialized,
high skilled ,and well-
coordinated labor
force.
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies
5. Industrial • Creates a highly
organized systems of
Societies
exchange between
suppliers of raw
materials and
industrial
manufacturers.
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies
5. Industrial • Industrial societies
are divided along
Societies
class lines.
• Industrialism brought
about a tremendous
shift f populations
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies
5. Industrial • Kinship plays a
smaller role in
Societies
patterning public
affairs.
• Industrial societies
are highly secularized
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies
5. Industrial • The predominant
Societies form of social and
political
organization in
industrial societies
is the bureaucracy.
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies
6. Post-industrial • It depends on
specialized
Societies
knowledge to bring
about continuing
progress in
technology.
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies
6. Post-industrial • It is characterized by
the spread of
Societies
computer industries.
• Knowledge and
information are the
hallmarks of this
society.
 Type of Human Characteristics
Societies
6. Post-industrial • It resulted in the
homogenization of
Societies social relations among
individuals and the
interaction between
humans and the
natural environment.