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Intrauterine Development: Premidterm Coverage

During intrauterine development, the fetus goes through three main periods: the fertilization period from weeks 1-3 where the heart and blood vessels begin to form, the embryonic period from weeks 4-7 where organs like the brain, heart and lungs develop, and the fetal period from weeks 8 until birth where rapid growth and organ maturation occurs. Lung development begins with the formation of lung buds and progresses through the pseudoglandular, canalicular and terminal sac periods, resulting in millions of alveoli by birth. Surfactant production begins around 22 weeks to aid lung function, while amniotic fluid and the placenta support growth and nutrient exchange.

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aidan udjaman
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44 views14 pages

Intrauterine Development: Premidterm Coverage

During intrauterine development, the fetus goes through three main periods: the fertilization period from weeks 1-3 where the heart and blood vessels begin to form, the embryonic period from weeks 4-7 where organs like the brain, heart and lungs develop, and the fetal period from weeks 8 until birth where rapid growth and organ maturation occurs. Lung development begins with the formation of lung buds and progresses through the pseudoglandular, canalicular and terminal sac periods, resulting in millions of alveoli by birth. Surfactant production begins around 22 weeks to aid lung function, while amniotic fluid and the placenta support growth and nutrient exchange.

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aidan udjaman
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© © All Rights Reserved
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INTRAUTERINE DEVELOPMENT

PREMIDTERM COVERAGE
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT PERIODS
• FERTILIZATION PERIOD
From week 1-3
Egg is fertilized by the sperm
Blood vessels appears
Heart tubes will form that will develop into heat
Blood cells form from endothelial cells within the
yolk sac.
• EMBRYONIC PERIOD
 From weeks 4-7
Embryo forms into a C-Shaped appearance.
Primitive gut is form
Umbilical cord develops
Three primary gem layers differentiate into
various organs and tissue.
Brain, heart, eyes, nose, mouth are developing,
giving the human embryo a human characteristics
• FETAL PERIOD
 From week 8 to birth
 Embryo is now called a Fetus
Rapid body growth and organ system maturation
occurs.
RESPIRATORY DEVELOPMENT
• UPPER AIRWAY DEVELOPMENT
 By the fourth week, bronchial arches develop and
form the maxillary and mandible (lower) jaw.
Bronchial arches also form the pharynx, mouth,
oropharyngeal airway and laryngeal cartilages.
 Tongue develops within 4-7 weeks, palate starts
to develop in the 5th week and completes by the
7th weeks of gestations.
• LOWER AIRWAY DEVELOPMENT
Epithelial groove will give rise to the larynx,
trachea, bronchi, pulmonary epithelium, and
assorted glands.
Tracheoesophageal septums divides into the
esophagus and laryngotracheal tube.
Visceral and Parietal Pleura develops from the
lung buds.
PERIODS OF LUNG MATURATION
• EMBRYONIC PERIOD
 From fertilization to 5 weeks.
 Lung buds first appear.
Laryngotracheal groove forms.
Lung bud divides into left and right mainstem
bronchi
• PSEUDOGLANDULAR PERIOD
 5-13TH Weeks
 Conducting airways develop completely including
the terminal bronchioles.
 Mucous glands and goblet cells appear.
 Bronchus and Bronchioles are line with cuboidal
epithelium.
• CANALICULAR PERIOD
 13 – 24 weeks
 Enlargement of conducting airways continue and proliferation
of pulmonary blood vessels
 Gas exchange units develop from the respiratory bronchial.
 Cilia appears at 13th weeks.
 Meconium is present in 16th weeks.
 Breathing movement can be detected between 18 and 20
weeks.
 Elastic tissue develops beginning at 20 weeks.
 Type 1 and Type 2 alveolar pneumocytes develops, with
synthesis and production of surfactant starting by weeks 22 to
24.
• TERMINAL SAC PERIOD
 24 weeks - birth
 Primitive alveoli develops from alveolar ducts.
 Fetus weighs approximately 1000 gm at 26th to
28th weeks.
 Fetal lungs represent 2% to 3% of total body
weight.
 Birth of 24 to 75 million alveoli and its number
increases to 300 to 400 millions in adulthood.
 Extrauterine life is possible in this period.
FETAL LUNG FLUID
• The lungs begins secreting fluid by the 70th
day of gestation
• This fluid is composed of a combination of
sodium potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, and
a small percentage of protein in water.
• The presence of lung fluid assists lung growth
and the development of the functional
residual capacity (FRC)
SURFACTANT
• Surfactant is synthesize and secreted by the type
11 alveolar pneumocytes.
• It first appears between 22nd and 24th weeks of
gestation.
• It reduces surface tension, maintaining alveolar
stability and preventing atelectasis.
• Inadequate surfactant levels can occur in
newborns as a result of: Prematurity, Hypoxia,
Malnutrition, Maternal Diabetes, Hypothermia,
Acidosis.
AMNIOTIC FLUID
• Amniotic fluid is composed of amniotic cells,
maternal blood, and fetal urine.
• Approximately, 10ml of amniotic fluid is
present during 10th week, which increases to 1
liter by term.
• Amniotic fluid protects the fetus and acts as a
cushion surrounding the fetus.
PLACENTA
• Provides exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide,
metabolic nutrients between fetal and
maternal blood supplies.
• Major activities of the placenta includes
metabolism, transfer of nutrients and wastes
and endocrine secretion.

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