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05 Graphical Analysis of Motion

This document discusses graphical analysis of linear motion using position-time (x-t), velocity-time (v-t), and acceleration-time (a-t) graphs. There are three key questions that can be asked about motion: how far an object moves, how fast it moves, and how quickly its speed changes. These questions can be answered using three graphical analysis methods: inspection of the graphs, calculation of slope, and measuring the area under the curve. Examples are provided to illustrate how to use these methods to determine position, velocity, acceleration, and displacement from the graphs.

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Anish Anshuman Choudhury
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342 views31 pages

05 Graphical Analysis of Motion

This document discusses graphical analysis of linear motion using position-time (x-t), velocity-time (v-t), and acceleration-time (a-t) graphs. There are three key questions that can be asked about motion: how far an object moves, how fast it moves, and how quickly its speed changes. These questions can be answered using three graphical analysis methods: inspection of the graphs, calculation of slope, and measuring the area under the curve. Examples are provided to illustrate how to use these methods to determine position, velocity, acceleration, and displacement from the graphs.

Uploaded by

Anish Anshuman Choudhury
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Kinematics

Graphical Analysis of Motion


Goal 2: Build an understanding
of linear motion.
Objectives – Be able to:
2.04 Using graphical and mathematical tools,
design and conduct investigations of linear
motion and the relationships among:
Position.
Average velocity.
Instantaneous velocity.
Acceleration.
Time.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
• Three questions can be asked for
motion:
How far?
How fast?
How quickly did “how fast” change?
Graphical Analysis of Motion
• To answer these three questions,
there three methods of graphical
analysis:
INSPECTION
SLOPE
AREA UNDER THE CURVE
Graphical Analysis of Motion
Inspection
• Inspection means using ordered pairs …
• and the definitions of displacement,
velocity, acceleration, and time to analyze
motion …
• On x-t, v-t, and a-t graphs.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
Inspection
• Given the x-t graph,
describe the
object’s 5 kinds of
motion.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
Inspection
• Given the x-t graph,
describe the
object’s 5 kinds of
motion.
• At t = 0, the object
was at the origin.
• From t = 0-5 s, the
object moved with
uniform motion away
from the origin.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
Inspection
• Given the x-t graph,
describe the
object’s 5 kinds of
motion:
• From t = 5-10 s, the
object was at rest at
x = +30 m.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
Inspection
• Given the x-t graph,
describe the
object’s 5 kinds of
motion:
• From t = 10-20 s, the
object moved toward
the origin with uniform
motion.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
Inspection
• Given the x-t graph,
describe the
object’s 5 kinds of
motion:
• From t = 20-25 s, the
object was at rest at x
= +10 m.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
Inspection
• Given the x-t graph,
describe the
object’s 5 kinds of
motion:
• From t = 20-25 s, the
object was at rest at
x = +10 m.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
Inspection
• Given the x-t graph,
describe the
object’s 5 kinds of
motion:
• From t = 25-30 s, the
object moved away
from the origin at
constant speed.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
Inspection
• What was the
object’s position at
t = 15 s?
Answer: x = +20 m
• When was the
object at x = +25 m?
Answer t = 4 s and …
t = 12.5 s
Graphical Analysis of Motion
SLOPE
• Velocity of the object can be
determined from the graph’s
data using slope:

What is the velocity from


t = 0 - 5 s?

Δx (+30 – 0) m
v = ---- = ---------------- = +6 m/s
Δt (5 – 0) s

• Important fact: The ratio


that defines average
velocity also defines the
slope of the x-t graph.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
SLOPE
• Velocity of the object can be
determined from the graph’s data
using slope:

What is the velocity from t = 5 - 10 s?

Δx (+30 – +30) m
v = ---- = ------------------- = +0 m/s
Δt (10 – 5) s

What is the velocity from t = 10 - 15 s?

Δx (+20 – +30) m
v = ---- = -------------------- = -2 m/s
Δt (15 – 10) s
Graphical Analysis of Motion
SLOPE
• Velocity of the object can
be determined from the
graph’s data using slope:

What is the velocity from t = 0-30 s?

Δx (+20 – 0) m
v = ---- = -------------------
Δt (30 – 0) s

v = +.67 m/s
Graphical Analysis of Motion
Inspection
Now consider an object moving in
a straight line on the y-axis in
such a way that its velocity v
as a function of time is given
on the following v-t graph:
What does the graph tell us?
• At time t = 0, the object’s
velocity was 0.
• Over the first two seconds, its
velocity increased steadily to
+2 m/s.
• From t = 2 – 8 s, the object
maintained a constant speed
of +2 m/s.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
Inspection
Now consider an object moving in
a straight line on the y-axis in
such a way that its velocity v
as a function of time is given
on the following v-t graph:
What does the graph tell us?
• From t = 8 – 10 s, the object
slowed steadily to a stop.
• From 10 – 14 s, the object was
at rest.
• From 14 – 16 s, the object
steaadily inceased speed in
the negative (opposite, or
backward) direction.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
Inspection
Now consider an object moving in
a straight line on the y-axis in
such a way that its velocity v
as a function of time is given
on the following v-t graph:
What does the graph tell us?
• From 16 – 18 s, the object
maintained a constant speed
(uniform motion) of -2 m/s
(away from the origin).
• From 18 – 20 s, the object
steadily decreased speed and
came to a halt.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
SLOPE
What can we ask about this
motion?
• First, the fact that the velocity
changed from t = 0 to t = 2 s
tells us that the object
accelerated.
• The acceleration for this time
was:
Δv (+2 – 0) m/s
a = ---- = ---------------- = +1 m/s2
Δt (2 – 0) s

• Therefore, the slope of a


velocity time graph gives the
acceleration.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
SLOPE
• What was the acceleration
from time t = 2 s to t = 8 s?

Δv (+2 – +2) m/s


a = ---- = ---------------- = 0 m/s2
Δt (8 – 2) s

• What was the acceleration


from time t = 8 s to t = 10 s?

Δv (0 – +2) m/s
a = ---- = ---------------- = -1 m/s2
Δt (10 – 8) s
Graphical Analysis of Motion
• Another question can be
asked when velocity-time
graph is given:
• How far did the object
travel for a given time
12 m
interval?
• Let’s figure out the
displacement of the
object from time t = 2 s to
time t = 8 s.
• During this interval, the
velocity was a constant
+2 m/s, so the
displacement was
Δy = vΔt = (+2 m/s)(6 s) = +12 m.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
AREA UNDER THE CURVE
• Geometrically, we’ve
determined the area
between the graph and
the horizontal axis. 12 m
• After all, the area of a
rectangle is base X height
and, for the shaded
rectangle shown, the
base is Δt, and the height
is v.
• So base x height equals
Δt X v, which is
displacment.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
AREA UNDER THE CURVE
• Given a velocity-
time graph, the area
between the graph 12 m
and the t axis equals
the object’s
displacement.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
AREA UNDER THE CURVE
What was the displacement of the object
from time t = 0 s to time t = 2 s?
• During this interval, the velocity was
accelerating, and covering larger
distances with each time interval.
• This shape is a triangle.
• AreaΔ = (½)(base)(height)
= (½)(2 s)(+2 m/s)
= +2 m.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
AREA UNDER THE CURVE
Therefore, what is the
total displacement from
t = 0 – 8 s? 14 m

Answer: Add the


triangle and
rectangle areas:
+2 m + (12 m) = +14 m
Graphical Analysis of Motion
AREA UNDER THE CURVE
• What was the displacement of
the object from time t = 14 s to
time t = 16 s?
• This triangle area is the same
area as t = 0 – 2 s, but with
negative sign … -2 m.
• The minus sign indicates
negative displacement …
• Remember, the object was
speeding up in the negative
direction!
Graphical Analysis of Motion
AREA UNDER THE CURVE
On a v-t graph,
• Regions below the
horizontal axis are negative
displacements (since the
object’s velocity is negative,
its displacement must be
negative).
• Regions above the
horizontal axis are positive
displacements.
Graphical Analysis of Motion
• Three questions can be asked for
motion:
How far?
How fast?
How quickly did “how fast” change?
Graphical Analysis of Motion
• To answer these three questions,
there three methods of graphical
analysis:
INSPECTION
SLOPE
AREA UNDER THE CURVE
Goal 2: Build an understanding
of linear motion.
Objectives – Be able to:
2.04 Using graphical and mathematical tools,
design and conduct investigations of linear
motion and the relationships among:
Position.
Average velocity.
Instantaneous velocity.
Acceleration.
Time.

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