Chapter 9

Determining IP
Routes
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 9-1
 Objectives

Upon completion of this chapter, you will

be able to complete the following tasks:
• Distinguish the use and operation of static and
dynamic routes
• Configure and verify a static route
• Identify how distance vector IP routing protocols
such as RIP and IGRP operate on Cisco routers
• Enable Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
• Enable Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
• Verify IP routing with show and debug commands

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-2

 What is Routing?

10.120.2.0 172.16.1.0

To route a router need to know:

• Destination addresses
• Sources it can learn from
• Possible routes
• Best route
• Maintain and verify routing information

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-3

 What is Routing? (cont.)

10.120.2.0 172.16.1.0

E0
S0

Network Destination Exit

Protocol Network Interface

Connected 10.120.2.0 E0
Routed Protocol: IP
Learned 172.16.1.0 S0

• Routers must learn destinations that are

not directly connected
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-4
 Identifying Static and Dynamic
Routes

Static Route Dynamic Route

Uses a route that a Uses a route that a
network network routing
administrator enters protocol adjusts
into the router automatically for
manually topology or traffic
changes

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-5

 Static Routes

Stub Network

172.16.1.0
SO
Network A B
B
172.16.2.2 172.16.2.1

Configure unidirectional static routes to and from a

stub network to allow communications to occur.

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-6

 Static Route Configuration

Router(config)#ip route network [mask]

{address | interface}[distance] [permanent]

Defines a path to an IP destination network or subnet

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-7

 Static Route Example

Stub Network

172.16.1.0
SO
Network A B
B
172.16.2.2 172.16.2.1

ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1

This is a unidirectional route. You must have a route

configured in the opposite direction.
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-8
 Default Routes

Stub Network

172.16.1.0
SO
Network A BB
172.16.2.2 172.16.2.1

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2

This route allows the stub network to reach all known

networks beyond router A.
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-9
 What is a Routing Protocol?

10.120.2.0 172.16.1.0

E0
Routing protocols are S0
used between
routers to determine
paths and maintain
routing tables.
Once the path is Network Destination Exit 172.17.3.0
determined a router can Protocol Network Interface
route a routed protocol. 10.120.2.0 E0
Connected
RIP 172.16.2.0 S0
IGRP 172.17.3.0 S1

Routed Protocol: IP
Routing protocol: RIP, IGRP
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-10
 Autonomous Systems: Interior or
Exterior Routing Protocols
IGPs: RIP, IGRP EGPs: BGP

Autonomous System 100 Autonomous System 200

• An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain

• IGPs operate within an autonomous system
• EGPs connect different autonomous systems

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-11

 Administrative Distance:
Ranking Routes

I need to send a packet to

Network E. Both router B IGRP
and C will get it there. Administrative
Which route is best? Distance=100

Router A Router B

RIP
Administrative
Distance=120

E
Router C Router D

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-12

 Classes of Routing Protocols

B
Distance Vector
C A

Hybrid Routing

B
Link State
C A

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-13

 Distance Vector Routing
Protocols
B

C A

Distance—How far
Vector—In which direction D

D C B A

Routing Routing Routing Routing

Table Table Table Table

Pass periodic copies of routing table to neighbor

routers and accumulate distance vectors
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-14
 Distance Vector—Sources of
Information and Discovering Routes
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
E0 A S0 S0 B S1 S0 C E0

Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table

10.1.0.0 E0 0 10.2.0.0 S0 0 10.3.0.0 S0 0
10.2.0.0 S0 0 10.3.0.0 S1 0 10.4.0.0 E0 0

Routers discover the best path to

destinations from each neighbor

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-15

 Distance Vector—Sources of
Information and Discovering Routes
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
E0 A S0 S0 B S1 S0 C E0

Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table

10.1.0.0 E0 0 10.2.0.0 S0 0 10.3.0.0 S0 0
10.2.0.0 S0 0 10.3.0.0 S1 0 10.4.0.0 E0 0
10.3.0.0 S0 1 10.4.0.0 S1 1 10.2.0.0 S0 1
10.1.0.0 S0 1

Routers discover the best path to

destinations from each neighbor

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-16

 Distance Vector—Sources of
Information and Discovering Routes
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
E0 A S0 S0 B S1 S0 C E0

Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table

10.1.0.0 E0 0 10.2.0.0 S0 0 10.3.0.0 S0 0
10.2.0.0 S0 0 10.3.0.0 S1 0 10.4.0.0 E0 0
10.3.0.0 S0 1 10.4.0.0 S1 1 10.2.0.0 S0 1
10.4.0.0 S0 2 10.1.0.0 S0 1 10.1.0.0 S0 2

Routers discover the best path to

destinations from each neighbor

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-17

 Distance Vector—Selecting
Best Route with Metrics
A IGRP

Bandwidth
56
RIP Delay
Load
Hop count
T1 56 Reliability
IPX MTU
Ticks, hop count T1

Information used to select the best path for routing

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-18

 Distance Vector—Maintaining
Routing Information
Process to
update this
routing
table

Topology
change
causes
routing
A table
update

Updates proceed step-by-step

from router to router

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-20

 Distance Vector—Maintaining
Routing Information
Process to
update this
routing
table

Router A sends Topology

out this updated change
routing table causes
after the routing
next period A table
expires update

Updates proceed step-by-step

from router to router

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-21

 Distance Vector—Maintaining
Routing Information
Process to Process to
update this update this
routing routing
table table

Router A sends Topology

out this updated change
routing table causes
after the routing
B next period A table
expires update

Updates proceed step-by-step

from router to router

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-22

 Maintaining Routing Information
Problem—Routing Loops
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
E0 A S0 S0 B S1 S0 C E0

Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table

10.1.0.0 E0 0 10.2.0.0S0 0 10.3.0.0S0 0
10.2.0.0 S0 0 10.3.0.0S1 0 10.4.0.0E0 0
10.3.0.0 S0 1 10.4.0.0S1 1 10.2.0.0S0 1
10.4.0.0 S0 2 10.1.0.0S0 1 10.1.0.0S0 2

Each node maintains the distance from itself to each possible destination
network

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-23

 Maintaining Routing Information
Problem—Routing Loops
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
E0 A S0 S0 B S1 S0 C E0 X

Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table

1 1 1
2 1 2

Slow convergence produces inconsistent routing

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-24

 Maintaining Routing Information
Problem—Routing Loops
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
E0 A S0 S0 B S1 S0 C E0 X

Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table

1 1 1
2 1 2

Router C concludes that the best path to network

10.4.0.0 is through Router B

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-25

 Maintaining Routing Information
Problem—Routing Loops
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
E0 A S0 S0 B S1 S0 C E0 X

Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table

1 3 1
4 1 2

Router A updates its table to reflect the new but

erroneous hop count

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-26

 Symptom: Counting to Infinity
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
E0 A S0 S0 B S1 S0 C E0 X

Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table

1 5 1
6 1 2

• Packets for network 10.4.0.0 bounce between routers A, B, and C

• Hop count for network 10.4.0.0 counts to infinity

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-27

 Solution: Defining a Maximum
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
E0 A S0 S0 B S1 S0 C E0 X

Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table

10.1.0.0E0 0 10.2.0.0S0 0 10.3.0.0 S0 0
10.2.0.0S0 0 10.3.0.0S1 0 10.4.0.0 S0 16
10.3.0.0 S0 1 10.4.0.0 S1 16 10.2.0.0 S0 1
10.4.0.0 S0 16 10.1.0.0 S0 1 10.1.0.0 S0 2

Define a limit on the number of hops to prevent

infinite loops

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-28

 Solution: Split Horizon
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
E0 A S0 S0 B S1 S0 C E0 X
X X
Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table

1 1 1
2 2 2

It is never useful to send information about a route back in the direction

from which the original packet came

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-29

 Solution: Route Poisoning
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
E0 A S0 S0 B S1 S0 C E0 X

Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table

10.1.0.0E0 0 10.2.0.0S0 0 10.3.0.0 S0 0
10.2.0.0S0 0 10.3.0.0S1 0 10.4.0.0 S0 Infinity
10.3.0.0 S0 1 10.4.0.0S1 1 10.2.0.0 S0 1
10.4.0.0 S0 2 10.1.0.0E1 2 10.1.0.0 S0 2

Routers set the distance of routes that have gone down to infinity

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-30

 Solution: Poison Reverse
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
E0 A S0 S0 B S1 S0 C E0 X
Poison
Reverse
Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table
10.1.0.0E0 0 10.2.0.0S0 0 10.3.0.0 S0 0
10.2.0.0S0 0 10.3.0.0S1 0 10.4.0.0 S0 Infinity
Possibly
10.3.0.0 S0 1 10.4.0.0S1 Down 10.2.0.0 S0 1
10.4.0.0 S0 2 10.1.0.0E1 2 10.1.0.0 S0 2

Poison Reverse overrides split horizon

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-31

 Solution: Hold-Down Timers

Network 10.4.0.0
Update after is unreachable
hold-down Time
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0
E0 A S0 S0 B S1 S0 C E0 X
Update after
hold-down Time Network 10.4.0.0 is down
then back up
then back down

Router keeps an entry for the network possibly down state, allowing
time for other routers to recompute for this topology change

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-32

 Solution: Triggered Updates

Network 10.4.0.0 Network 10.4.0.0 Network 10.4.0.0

is unreachable is unreachable is unreachable

10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0

E0 A S0 S0 B S1 S0 C E0 X

Router sends updates when a change in its routing table

occurs

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-33

 Implementing Solutions in
Multiple Routes

10.4.0.0

E B X C

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-35

 Implementing Solutions in
Multiple Routes (cont.)
Holddown

10.4.0.0

E B X C
Holddown

Holddown

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-36

 Implementing Solutions in
Multiple Routes (cont.)
Holddown

Poison Reverse
D
Poison Reverse

10.4.0.0

E B X C
Holddown

Poison Reverse

Poison Reverse
A

Holddown

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-37

 Implementing Solutions in
Multiple Routes (cont.)
Holddown

10.4.0.0

E B X C
Holddown
Packet for
Packet for Network 10.4.0.0
Network 10.4.0.0
A

Holddown

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-38

 Implementing Solutions in
Multiple Routes (cont.)

10.4.0.0

E B C
Link up!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-39

 Implementing Solutions in
Multiple Routes (cont.)

10.4.0.0

E B C
Link up!

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-40

 Link-State Routing Protocols

C A

D
Link-State Packets
Topological
Database
Routing
SPF Table
Algorithm

Shortest Path First Tree

After initial flood, pass small event-triggered link-state
updates to all other routers
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-41
 Hybrid Routing

Choose a
routing path based
on distance vectors

Balanced Hybrid Routing

Converge rapidly using

change-based
updates

Share attributes of both distance-vector

and link-state routing

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-42

 IP Routing
Configuration Tasks

Network 172.16.0.0
RIP
Router configuration
• Select routing protocols IGRP, IGRP
RIP
• Specify networks or Network
interfaces 160.89.0.0

RIP
Network 172.30.0.0

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-43

 Dynamic Routing
Configuration

Router(config)#router protocol [keyword]

• Defines an IP routing protocol

Router(config-router)#network network-number

• Mandatory configuration command for each

IP routing process

• Identifies the physically connected network

that routing updates are forwarded to
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-44
 RIP Overview

19.2 kbps

T1 T1

T1

• Hop count metric selects the path

• Routes update every 30 seconds

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-45

 RIP Configuration

Router(config)#router rip

•Starts the RIP routing process

Router(config-router)#network network-number

• Selects participating attached networks

• The network number must be a major classful
network number

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-46

 RIP Configuration Example

E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0
172.16.1.0 A 192.168.1.0
B C
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1

router rip 2.3.0.0 router rip 2.3.0.0

network 172.16.0.0 network 192.168.1.0
network 10.0.0.0 network 10.0.0.0

router rip
network 10.0.0.0

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-47

 Verifying the Routing Protocol
—RIP
E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0
172.16.1.0 A 192.168.1.0
B C
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1

RouterA#sh ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 0 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
Interface Send Recv Key-chain
Ethernet0 1 12
Serial2 1 12
Routing for Networks:
10.0.0.0
172.16.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
10.1.1.2 120 00:00:10
Distance: (default is 120)

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-48

 Displaying the
IP Routing Table
E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0
172.16.1.0 A 192.168.1.0
B C
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1

RouterA#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
T - traffic engineered route

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
R 10.2.2.0 [120/1] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:07, Serial2
C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial2
R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/2] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:07, Serial2

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-49

 debug ip rip Command

E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0
172.16.1.0 A 192.168.1.0
B C
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1

RouterA#debug ip rip
RIP protocol debugging is on
RouterA#
00:06:24: RIP: received v1 update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2
00:06:24: 10.2.2.0 in 1 hops
00:06:24: 192.168.1.0 in 2 hops
00:06:33: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1)
00:06:34: network 10.0.0.0, metric 1
00:06:34: network 192.168.1.0, metric 3
00:06:34: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1)
00:06:34: network 172.16.0.0, metric 1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-50

 Introduction to IGRP

IGRP

• More scalable than RIP

• Sophisticated metric
• Multiple-path support

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-51

 IGRP Composite Metric

19.2 kbps 19.2 kbps

Source

Destination

•Bandwidth
•Delay
•Reliability
•Loading
•MTU
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-52
 IGRP Unequal Multiple Paths

New Route

Source

Initial
Route Destination

•Maximum six paths

•Next-hop router closer to destination
•Within metric variance
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-54
 Configuring IGRP

Router(config)#router igrp autonomous-system

• Defines IGRP as the IP routing protocol

Router(config-router)#network network-number

• Selects participating attached networks

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-55

 Configuring IGRP (cont.)

Router(config-router)#variance multiplier
• Control IGRP load balancing

Router(config-router)#traffic-share
{ balanced | min }

• Control how load-balanced traffic is distributed

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-56

 IGRP Configuration Example
Autonomous System = 100
E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0
172.16.1.0 A 192.168.1.0
B C
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1

router igrp 100 router igrp 100

network 172.16.0.0 network 192.168.1.0
network 10.0.0.0 network 10.0.0.0

router igrp 100

network 10.0.0.0

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-57

 Verifying the Routing Protocol
—IGRP
E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0
172.16.1.0 A 192.168.1.0
B C
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1

RouterA#sh ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "igrp 100"
Sending updates every 90 seconds, next due in 21 seconds
Invalid after 270 seconds, hold down 280, flushed after 630
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is
Default networks flagged in outgoing updates
Default networks accepted from incoming updates
IGRP metric weight K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0
IGRP maximum hopcount 100
IGRP maximum metric variance 1
Redistributing: igrp 100
Routing for Networks:
10.0.0.0
172.16.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
10.1.1.2 100 00:01:01
Distance: (default is 100)

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-58

 Displaying the
IP Routing Table
E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0
172.16.1.0 A 192.168.1.0
B C
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1

RouterA#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
T - traffic engineered route

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
I 10.2.2.0 [100/90956] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:23, Serial2
C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial2
I 192.168.1.0/24 [100/91056] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:23, Serial2

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-59

 debug ip igrp transaction
Command
E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0
172.16.1.0 A 192.168.1.0
B C
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1

RouterA#debug ip igrp transactions

IGRP protocol debugging is on
RouterA#
00:21:06: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1)
00:21:06: network 10.0.0.0, metric=88956
00:21:06: network 192.168.1.0, metric=91056
00:21:07: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1)
00:21:07: network 172.16.0.0, metric=1100
00:21:16: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2
00:21:16: subnet 10.2.2.0, metric 90956 (neighbor 88956)
00:21:16: network 192.168.1.0, metric 91056 (neighbor 89056)

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-60

 debug ip igrp events
Command
E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0
172.16.1.0 A 192.168.1.0
B C
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1

RouterA#debug ip igrp events

IGRP event debugging is on
RouterA#
00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1)
00:23:44: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 2 system, and 0 exterior routes.
00:23:44: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2
00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1)
00:23:45: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes.
00:23:45: IGRP: Total routes in update: 1
00:23:48: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2
00:23:48: IGRP: Update contains 1 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes.
00:23:48: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-61

 Updating Routing Information
Example
E0

172.16.1.0 X A
S2 S2
B
S3 S3
C
E0
192.168.1.0
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1

RouterA# debug ip igrp trans

00:31:15: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0, changed state to down
00:31:15: IGRP: edition is now 3
00:31:15: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1)
00:31:15: network 172.16.0.0, metric=4294967295
00:31:16: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes.
00:31:16: IGRP: Total routes in update: 1
00:31:16: IGRP: broadcasting request on Serial2
00:31:16: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2
00:31:16: subnet 10.2.2.0, metric 90956 (neighbor 88956)
00:31:16: network 172.16.0.0, metric 4294967295 (inaccessible)
00:31:16: network 192.168.1.0, metric 91056 (neighbor 89056)
00:31:16: IGRP: Update contains 1 interior, 2 system, and 0 exterior routes.
00:31:16: IGRP: Total routes in update: 3

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-62

 Updating Routing Information
Example (cont.)
E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0
172.16.1.0 A 192.168.1.0
B C
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
RouterB#debug ip igrp trans
IGRP protocol debugging is on
RouterB#
1d19h: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.2)
1d19h: subnet 10.2.2.0, metric=88956
1d19h: network 192.168.1.0, metric=89056
1d19h: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial3 (10.2.2.2)
1d19h: subnet 10.1.1.0, metric=88956
1d19h: network 172.16.0.0, metric=89056
1d19h: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.1 on Serial2
1d19h: network 172.16.0.0, metric 4294967295 (inaccessible)
1d19h: IGRP: edition is now 10
1d19h: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.2)
1d19h: subnet 10.2.2.0, metric=88956
1d19h: network 172.16.0.0, metric=4294967295
1d19h: network 192.168.1.0, metric=89056
1d19h: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial3 (10.2.2.2)
1d19h: subnet 10.1.1.0, metric=88956
1d19h: network 172.16.0.0, metric=4294967295
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-63
 Updating Routing Information
Example (cont.)
E0
X
S2 S2 S3 S3 E0
172.16.1.0 A 192.168.1.0
B C
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
RouterB#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
T - traffic engineered route

Gateway of last resort is not set

I 172.16.0.0/16 is possibly down, routing via 10.1.1.1, Serial2

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial2
C 10.2.2.0 is directly connected, Serial3
I 192.168.1.0/24 [100/89056] via 10.2.2.3, 00:00:14, Serial3
RouterB#ping 172.16.1.1

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
.....
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
RouterB#

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-64

 Updating Routing Information
Example (cont.)
E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0
172.16.1.0 A 192.168.1.0
B C
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
RouterB#debug ip igrp transactions
RouterB#
1d20h: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.1 on Serial2
1d20h: network 172.16.0.0, metric 89056 (neighbor 1100)
RouterB#
RouterB#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
T - traffic engineered route

Gateway of last resort is not set

I 172.16.0.0/16 is possibly down, routing via 10.1.1.1, Serial2

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial2
C 10.2.2.0 is directly connected, Serial3
I 192.168.1.0/24 [100/89056] via 10.2.2.3, 00:00:18, Serial3
RouterB#ping 172.16.1.1

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 32/38/48 ms
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-65
 ip classless Command
Default route
E0 S0
172.16.0.0
10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0

Router(config)#ip classless
Network Destination Exit
Protocol Network Interface

C 10.1.0.0 E0
To get to 10.7.1.1: C 10.2.0.0 S0
RIP 172.16.0.0 via S0
0.0.0.0 E0
•With ip classless Default
•With no ip classless Drop

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-66

 Visual Objective
pod ro’s s0 ro’s e0 sw
wg_pc_a A 10.140.1.2 10.2.2.3 10.2.2.11
10.2.2.12 B 10.140.2.2 10.3.3.3 10.3.3.11
RIP C 10.140.3.2 10.4.4.3 10.4.4.11
e0/1 D 10.140.4.2 10.5.5.3 10.5.5.11
e0/2 e0
wg_ro_a E 10.140.5.2 10.6.6.3 10.6.6.11
10.2.2.3 F 10.140.6.2 10.7.7.3 10.7.7.11
s0
wg_sw_a 10.140.1.2/24 G 10.140.7.2 10.8.8.3 10.8.8.11
10.2.2.11 H 10.140.8.2 10.9.9.3 10.9.9.11
I 10.140.9.2 10.10.10.3 10.3.3.11
wg_pc_l J 10.140.10.2 10.11.11.3 10.11.11.11
10.13.13.12 K 10.140.11.2 10.12.12.3 10.12.12.11
L 10.140.12.2 10.13.13.3 10.13.13.11
e0/1 RIP
wg_ro_l
e0/2 e0
LL
10.13.13.3
wg_sw_l s0
10.13.13.11 10.140.12.2/24

... s1/0 - s2/3

10.140.1.1/24 … 10.140.12.1/24
fa0/24 fa0/23 fa0/0

core_ server core_sw_a core_ro

10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.3
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-67
 Visual Objective
pod ro’s s0 ro’s e0 sw
wg_pc_a A 10.140.1.2 10.2.2.3 10.2.2.11
10.2.2.12 B 10.140.2.2 10.3.3.3 10.3.3.11
IGRP C 10.140.3.2 10.4.4.3 10.4.4.11
e0/1 D 10.140.4.2 10.5.5.3 10.5.5.11
e0/2 e0
wg_ro_a E 10.140.5.2 10.6.6.3 10.6.6.11
10.2.2.3 F 10.140.6.2 10.7.7.3 10.7.7.11
wg_sw_a s0
G 10.140.7.2 10.8.8.3 10.8.8.11
10.2.2.11 10.140.1.2/24
H 10.140.8.2 10.9.9.3 10.9.9.11
I 10.140.9.2 10.10.10.3 10.3.3.11
wg_pc_l J 10.140.10.2 10.11.11.3 10.11.11.11
10.13.13.12 K 10.140.11.2 10.12.12.3 10.12.12.11
L 10.140.12.2 10.13.13.3 10.13.13.11
IGRP
e0/1
e0/2 e0 wg_ro_l
10.13.13.3
LL
wg_sw_l
10.13.13.11 s0
10.140.12.2/24

s1/0 - s2/3
...
10.140.1.1/24 … 10.140.12.1/24
fa0/24 fa0/23 fa0/0

core_ server core_sw_a core_ro

10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.3

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-68

 Summary
After completing this chapter, you should be
able to perform the following tasks:
• Determine when to use a static or dynamic route.
• Configure a static route on a Cisco Router.
• Describe how distance vector routing protocols operate.
• Configure the RIP and IGRP routing protocols on a Cisco
router.
• Use show ip route, show ip protocols, and other show and
debug commands to verify proper routing operation.

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-69

 Review Questions

1. What is an advantage of using a static

route rather than a dynamic route?
What is a disadvantage?
2. What is the advantage of using IGRP
rather then RIP? What is a possible
disadvantage?
3. To scale up to very large IP networks,
what routing protocols are recommended?

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—9-70