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Hydrogen

Hydrogen is the first element on the periodic table. It has one proton and one electron. It can behave like alkali metals or halogens depending on whether it donates or accepts an electron. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and makes up about 70% of its mass. On Earth, hydrogen is found combined with other elements in water and organic matter. The three main isotopes of hydrogen are protium, deuterium, and tritium. Hydrogen has important industrial uses such as in ammonia production and hydrogen fuel cells.

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75 views

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is the first element on the periodic table. It has one proton and one electron. It can behave like alkali metals or halogens depending on whether it donates or accepts an electron. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and makes up about 70% of its mass. On Earth, hydrogen is found combined with other elements in water and organic matter. The three main isotopes of hydrogen are protium, deuterium, and tritium. Hydrogen has important industrial uses such as in ammonia production and hydrogen fuel cells.

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Ammrita
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Hydrogen is the first element of the periodic table with atomic number 1.

As it has only one electron so its electronic configuration is 1s1. Because of


the dual behavior of hydrogen it is quite difficult to find a proper place in
the periodic table as it has resemblance with alkali metals and with the
halogens.

Like alkali metals, it has only one


electron in its valence shell.

Like halogens. Hydrogen is short


only by one electron to complete
the inert gas configuration.
OCCURRENCE:
• It is the most bounteous element in the universe.
• It is about 70% of the universe’s total mass.
• Jupiter and Saturn mostly consist of hydrogen, half of the mass of the
sun and some other starts made up of hydrogen.
• In the combined form, it forms 15.4% of the earths crust and oceans.
• Earth does not have enough gravitational pull to retain the light
hydrogen molecule, so it is not found in our atmosphere.
Hydrogen has 3 isotopes:

 Protium: its atomic number is 1 and mass is also 1. it has one proton but
no neutron I its nucleus and one electron in its 1s orbital. It is
represented by symbol H. its abundance is 99.985%

 Deuterium: its atomic number is 1 and mass number is 2. it has one


proton and one neutron in its nucleus and one electron in its 1s orbital.
It is represented by symbol D. its abundance is 0.0156%.

 Tritium: its nucleus has one proton and 2 neutrons and there is one
electron in its 1s orbital. It is an extremely rare isotope. Out of 10 raised
to the power 18 times molecules of ordinary hydrogen there is just one
molecule of tritium. This isotope of hydrogen is radioactive in nature
and emits low energy -particles. Its abundance is the least.
Laboratory preparation of dihydrogen:

In the laboratory hydrogen is generally prepared by the action of dilute


mineral acids an the metals such as granulated zinc.
Zn  H2SO4 ZnSO4  H2

Few pieces of granulated zinc are placed in the woulfes bottle which is
fitted with a thistle funnel and a delivery tube.

Dilute sulphuric acid is poured through thistle funnel. The acid reacts with
zinc evolving hydrogen which is collected in jar by downward displacement
of water.

Pure zinc is not used as it is non porous and therefore, after some time the
reaction gets slow down. Hence granulated zinc is used that is impure and it
increases the rate of reaction.
ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER:

It involves the electrolysis of acidified or alkaline water.

We use dilute H2SO4 to make water acidified.

Dilute sulphuric acid is enough to make water act as an electrolyte. When anode and
cathode are connected to a battery, it produces a small amount of current of the order
of few mill amperes and bubbles start appearing in the two arms of the voltmeter. The
anode collects oxygen and the cathode arm collects hydrogen gas.

The reaction taking place are:


Dissociation of H2SO4:

H2SO4 2H+ + SO42-


Dissociation of H2O:

H2O H+ + OH-
REACTION AT CATHODE:
H+ + e- H
H + H H2
REACTION AT ANODE:
OH- OH + e-
4OH H2O + O2
OVERALL REACTION:
2H2O 2H2 + O2

At the anode OH- ions are released in preference to SO42-


ions. This is because it is easier for an OH- ion to give up an
electron quickly than for the SO421 ion to do so. Since the
sulphuric acid itself does not participate in the chemical
reaction that is taking place, it can be called as a catalyst of
the reaction.
Dihydrogen can also be prepared by the action of steam with red hot coke

C(s) + H2O(g) 997C CO(g) + H2(g)

Water Gas

The water gas formed is also called synthesis gas or syngas.


Then water gas is mixed with steam and is passed over heated Fe2O3 and
Cr2O3 at 770K then CO is oxidized to CO2. aseous mixture of CO2 and H2
is then bubbled into cold water under pressure when CO2 dissolves
leaving behind dihydrogen gas escapes out.

400C
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
Catalyst

This reaction is called water gas shift reaction.


Steam
RED HOT WATER GAS [Fe2O3 / Ce2O3] CO2 + H2
COKE 770 K
( CO + H2 )

Under Pressure

STEAM H2 COLD WATER

Dihydrogen CO2 dissolves


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

o It is colourless, odourless, tasteless gas.


o It is lighter than air and collected by downward
displacement of water because it is insoluble in water.
o It is highly combustible.
o It is lightest of all elements.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
o Reactivity with halogens:
The reactivity of halogens with hydrogen is :
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
Hydrogen reacts with halogens to give hydrogen
halides.
H2(g) + F2(g) 2HF(g) H F

o Reaction with dioxygen: Hydrogen fluoride

Hydrogen reacts with dioxygen to give water.

970 K
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) H O H

Water
o Reaction with dinitrogen: H

Fe/Mo
3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)
750K N

H H

o Reaction with metals:


H2(g) + 2M(g) 2MH Na H
525K
H2 + 2Na 2NaH
o Reaction with metal ions and metal oxides:
Hydrogen reacts with metal ions and metal oxides to give
corresponding metal.

Pb2+(aq) + H2(g) Pb(s) + 2H+(aq)


CuO(s) + H2(g) Cu(s) + H2O(l)
o Reaction with organic compounds:
When hydrogen is passed through edible vegetable oils at
about 473K in presence of finely divided nickel as a
catalyst into edible fats.

473K
Vegetable oil + H2 Semi-solid fat
Ni
(vanaspati ghee)
It is used in the synthesis of
ammonia
It is used in the manufacture
of vanaspati ghee
It is used as a rocket fuel in
space research
It is used in fuel cells for
generating electrical energy
Hydrides are referred to binary compounds that hydrogen forms with other
elements of the periodic table except noble gases.
Hydrides can be categorized as:

o IONIC OR SALINE HYDRIDES: the ionic hydrides form between


hydrogen and the most active metals, especially with the alkali and alkaline-
earth metals of group one and two elements. In this group, the hydrogen
acts as the hydride ion(H-). They bond with more electropositive metal
atoms.

Electrolysis of solution of saline hydride in molten alkali halide produces


H2 at anode.
Reaction : NaH(s) + H2O(aq) NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Alkali metal hydride are also used for the removal of last traces of water
from organic compounds.
COVALENT HYDRIDES
METALLIC HYDRIDES
INTERMEDIATE HYDRIDE H He
Li Be
IONIC HYDRIDE
Na Mg B C N O F Ne
HYDRIDE GAP
K Ca Al Si P S Cl Ar
Rb Sr Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Cs Ba Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Fr Ra Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am

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