Disadvantage of Network

• Crashes – When the server crashes then all the

benefits and resource attached with network are
lost.The crashes may result in the lose of the
Day’s AND even months.
• Data security- As all the data resource are pooled
together . It is possible for unauthorized personal
to have the access of the information if the
network security is poor.
• Privacy- Data stored into the login can be viewed
by the NETWORK ADMINISTRATOR
 Three layers of networking
components
• Application Software- computer program that
interface with network users and permit the
sharing of information such as file,graphics,and
video and resource like printer,scanner and disk.
• Network software – computer software which is
used implement “PROTOCOLS” or rules to
communicate the two computer.
• Network hardware:-
NIC,cables,repeaters,routers,hubs
 Computer Network Architecture
• The goal of network Architecture is to promote
an open simple ,flexible and efficient
communication environment.
• This accomplished by use of standered protocols ,
hardware and software interface and the design of
a standard multiple interface between end user and
computer system
 Protocol
• It is a standard set of rules and procedure for
control of communications in a network.
• These slandered can be limited to just one
manufacturer’s equipment or just one type of data
communication
• Example of protocol for physical charactices of
the cables and connectors between terminal
,modems and communication lines.
• TCP/IP is most popular protocol used in networks.
 Network Hardware for WAN
• BRIGES

• Repeaters

• ROUTERS

• GATEWAYS
 Bridges
• Used to connect two LAN which are using the same
protocol.
• Act as an address filter which picks up the data
packet from one LAN that are intended to a
distention on other LAN and passes these packets
on the network.
• The processing amount is required minimal because
all the devices are using the same protocol.
• If the distance between two LAN is two large then
it is required to implement two set of BRIDGE.
 ROUTER
• It is special type of devices to connect two network
that may be not similar
• These device provide the connectivity between two
LAN or WAN which is covering the large
distances.
• Operate on the network layer of the OSI model
• These devices participate in a routing protocol to
access the TOPOLOGY and on the basis of this
information router compute the best rout from the
sender to the receiver.
 GATEWAYS
• Used to connect two dissimilar LANs.
• A router operates on network layer and
gateways operates on application layer of
the OSI MODEL.
• A gateway convert a data packet from one
protocol to another before forwarding.
 OSI model
• International Standard Organization(ISO) has
developed 7 layer “OPEN SYSTEM
INERCONNECTION” model
• Used to divided the data communication functions
into different layers.
• Most of the functionality is exist into all the
communication systems
• this model organizes the process of communication
between computer in term of seven layers called
“protocol stack”.
 Layer-1(Physical Layer)
• define the actual set of wires,plugs and
electrical signals that connect the sending
and receiving devices to the network
• This layer a physical circuit with electrical
.optical or radio signals,hubs,terminators
,connectors, repeaters,
 Layer –2(Data link layer)
• The layer the responsible for gaining access
to network and transmitting the physical
block of data from one devices to another
devices
• Its include the error checking to ensures an
accurate transmission.
 Layer –3 (Network Layer)

Addressing the messages and translating the logical address and

names into the physical address.

Determine the route from the source to the destination computer.

Manages the traffic problems on the network such as packet

switching ,routing and controlling the the congestion of the data
 Layer-4 Transport layer
• This layer ensure that all the packets should be
delivered error free and without any loss
• Dividing the long packets into small
packets,repackage the message.
• at the receiving end ,it unpack the messages
reassemble the original message and send the
acknowledge back to the sender.
 Layer-5 Session layer
• Establish and terminates the sessions,queues of the
incoming messages
• Responsible for recovering from an abnormal
terminated session
• The layer allows the application on separate
computers to share a connection called session
• Also provides for data synchronization and check
pointing so that if a network failure only the data
sent after the point required to be sent again.
 Layer-6(Presentation layer)
• Translate the data from one format to other
format which the network required.
• It does protocol conversion,data
translation ,compression and encryption
• When the data transfer between different
type of computer ,this layer negotiates and
manage the way the data is represented and
encoded
 Layer-7 (application layer)

• The top most layer In OSI MODEL.

• Collection of software which are required to
access the network services.
• A program in client workstation uses commands
to request the data from a program in the server
• Common functions are in this layer are opening
,closing reading and writing the files, transferring
the file,executing the remote jobs
 Data transmission Modes
• Three modes are exist to transmit the data from
one point to other point.
• Simplex
– Data travel into one direction.
– sending or reciving Devices are connected to one
computer.
– From one computer(send only) to a printer(receive
only).
– Not often used.
 Half duplex
• A half system duplex system can transmit
data in both direction but one direction
only.
• It require two wires. Used for voice
communication because only one person is
supposed to speak one time.
 Full duplex
• The data transmit from both direction at the
same time .
• Some application requires the data transmit
from both the side simultaneous
 Function of a protocol
• Data sequencing it refers to breaking the long
message into the small message,apply the address to the
packets to avoid the loss and duplication of the data .
• Data routing find the most efficient paths between a
source and the destination
• Data formatting 
• Flow control a communication protocol used to
prevent a fast sender which is having the slow reviver. It
ensures resource sharing and protection against the
traffic congestion by regulating the flow of data on the
communication.
 Function of a protocol
• Error control  these rules design to detect the
error in message .
• Precedence and order the transmission:->
• Connection establisedment and termination
• Data security prevent the data access from
unauthorized data .
• Log information to log that which transmission
taken place when.
 Switching techniques
• Data communication is possible between to
devices using some communication
medium.
• Can not connect directly
• Some intermediate nodes are required.
• These nodes are provide some switching
facility.
 Circuit switching
• The simplest method of data transmission
• Dedicated physical path is required between two stations.
• used in telephone conversation
• Once the circuit is established then data is transmitted with no delay.
• This method of communication is useful for the long communication
• The time taken to reach the data in known and grantee of the data to
reach to the destination.
• Because it is dedicated to only one line . So the full use of network is
not possible.
• If the distance is long between to station the data will take much time
to travel into the physical path.
 Message switching
• NO physical path is required
• The message having the address of the destination.
• Message is transmitted from one location to other
location by using the store and forward or
broadcast method.
• As the message length is unlimited so the node
should have the storage power
• Delay in transmitting the data.
 Packet switching
• Same as message switching
• Data transmit on packet basis not on message basis.
• A message is split into the small packets
• Every packet have and destination address and source address.
• If not found the receiver then packet back to the sender.
• Packet switching Works in internet.
• Because the packet size is small and fixed so the storage
requirment is less on the nodes
• Because the message is traveling into the packet mode so node
is not requiring to wait for full message.
• Good for fast and real time application.
 Transmission Modes
• Asynchronous transmission –
– The character itself contain the start and stop bits.
– The sender can send the data at any time.
– Interval between two character is uneven.
– It is a common mode of transmission between computer and
MODEM.
– Also called start and stop mode.
• Synchronous transmission:->
– It is high speed transmission between to terminals.
– In this mode transmission send in continues block of data.
– Modem that transmit the data more then 1200 bps and higher then
it converts from Asynchronous to Synchronous signals.