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Introduction To Arithmetic Sequences

1. Arithmetic sequences have a constant difference (d) between terms. 2. They can be written in recursive (un = un-1 + d), explicit (un = u1 + (n-1)d), and partial sum forms. 3. The appropriate form to use depends on the information given, such as the first term, last term, number of terms, or common difference.

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113 views44 pages

Introduction To Arithmetic Sequences

1. Arithmetic sequences have a constant difference (d) between terms. 2. They can be written in recursive (un = un-1 + d), explicit (un = u1 + (n-1)d), and partial sum forms. 3. The appropriate form to use depends on the information given, such as the first term, last term, number of terms, or common difference.

Uploaded by

Aji Paulose
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Arithmetic Sequences
18 May 2011
Arithmetic Sequences
 When the difference between any two
numbers is the same constant value
 This difference is called d or the constant
difference
 {4, 5, 7, 10, 14, 19, …} ← Not an Arithmetic Sequence
 {7, 11, 15, 19, 23, ...} ← Arithmetic Sequence
d=4
Your Turn:
 Determine if the following sequences are
arithmetic sequences. If so, find d (the
constant difference).
 {14, 10, 6, 2, –2, …}
 {3, 5, 8, 12, 17, …}
 {33, 27, 21, 16, 11,…}
 {4, 10, 16, 22, 28, …}
Recursive Form
 The recursive form of a sequence tell you the
relationship between any two sequential (in
order) terms.
un = un–1 + d n≥2

common difference
Writing Arithmetic Sequences
in Recursive Form
If given a term and d

1. Substitute d into the recursive formula


Examples: Write the recursive
form and find the next 3 terms
3 1
 u1  , d   u1 = 39, d = 5
5 3
Your Turn: Write the recursive
form and find the next 3 terms
 u1 = 8, d = –2  u1 = –9.2, d = 0.9
Writing Arithmetic Sequences
in Recursive Form, cont.
If given two, non-sequential terms

1. Solve for d

d = difference in the value of the terms


difference in the number of terms

2. Substitute d into the recursive formula


Example #1
Find the recursive formula
 u3 = 13 and u7 = 37
Example #2
Find the recursive formula
 u2 = –5 and u7 = 30
Example #3
Find the recursive formula
 u4 = –43 and u6 = –61
Your Turn
Find the recursive formula:

1. u3 = 53 and u5 = 71 2. u2 = -7 and u5 = 8

3. u3 = 1 and u7 = -43
Explicit Form
 The explicit form of a sequence tell you the
relationship between the 1st term and any
other term.
un = u1 + (n – 1)d n≥1

common difference
Summary: Recursive Form vs.
Explicit Form
Recursive Form Explicit Form

un = un–1 + d n ≥ 2 un = u1 + (n – 1)d n≥1

 Sequential Terms  1st Term and Any


Other Term
Writing Arithmetic Sequences
in Explicit Form
 You need to know u1 and d!!!
 Substitute the values into the explicit formula

1. u1 = 5 and d = 2 2. u1 = -4 and d = 5
Writing Arithmetic Sequences
in Explicit Form, cont.
 You may need to solve for u1 and/or d.
1. Solve for d if necessary
2. Back solve for u1 using the explicit formula
u4 = 12 and d = 2
Example #2
u7 = -8 and d = 3
Example #3
u6 = 57 and u10 = 93
Example #4
u2 = -37 and u7 = -22
Your Turn:
Find the explicit formulas:

1. u5 = -2 and d = -6 2. u11 = 118 and d = 13

3. u3 = 17 and u8 = 92 4. u2 = 77 and u5 = -34


Using Explicit Form to Find
Terms
 Just substitute values into the formula!
u1 = 5, d = 2, find u5
Using Explicit Form to Find
Terms, cont.
u1 = -4, d = 5, find u10
Your Turn:
1. u1 = 4, d = ¼ 2. u1 = -6, d = ⅔
Find u8 Find u4

3. u1 = 10, d = -½ 4. u1 = π, d = 2
Find u12 Find u27
Summations
 Summation – the sum of the terms in a
sequence
{2, 4, 6, 8} → 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 20
 Represented by a capital Sigma

Summation Notation
Upper Bound
(Ending Term #)
k
Sigma
(Summation
Symbol)  un Sequence

n 1 Lower Bound
(Starting Term #)
Example #1
4
 2n
n 1
Example #2
3
 (n  3)
n 1
Example #3
3
 (3n  2)
n 1
Your Turn: Find the sum:
5 4
 (3n  7)  (5  4n)
n 1 n 1
Your Turn: Find the sum:
5 4
 (7  3n ) [3  (n  1)4]
n 1 n 1
Your Turn: Find the sum:
5 4
 (30  n )
2
 n (n  2)
n 1 n 1
Partial Sums of Arithmetic
Sequences – Formula #1
 Good to use when you know the 1st term AND the
last term # of terms

k k
 u n  (u1  u k )
n 1 2
1st term last term
Formula #1 – Example #1
Find the partial sum:
k = 9, u1 = 6, u9 = –24
Formula #1 – Example #2
Find the partial sum:
k = 6, u1 = – 4, u6 = 14
Formula #1 – Example #3
Find the partial sum:
k = 10, u1 = 0, u10 = 30
Your Turn:
Find the partial sum:
1. k = 8, u1 = 7, u8 = 42
2. k = 5, u1 = –21, u5 = 11
3. k = 6, u1 = 16, u6 = –19
Partial Sums of Arithmetic
Sequences – Formula #2
 Good to use when you know the 1st term, the # of
terms AND the common difference
# of terms

k k (k  1)
 u n  ku1  d
n 1 2
1st term common difference
Formula #2 – Example #1
Find the partial sum:
k = 12, u1 = –8, d = 5
Formula #2 – Example #2
Find the partial sum:
k = 6, u1 = 2, d = 5
Formula #2 – Example #3
Find the partial sum:
k = 7, u1 = ¾, d = –½
Your Turn:
Find the partial sum:
1. k = 4, u1 = 39, d = 10
2. k = 5, u1 = 22, d = 6
3. k = 7, u1 = 6, d = 5
Choosing the Right Partial
Sum Formula
Do you have the last term or the constant difference?

k k k k (k  1)
 u n  (u1  u k )  u n  ku1  d
n 1 2 n 1 2
Examples
 Identify the correct partial sum formula:

1. k = 6, u1 = 10, d = –3

2. k = 12, u1 = 4, u12 = 100


Your Turn:
 Identify the correct partial sum formula
and solve for the partial sum
1. k = 11, u1 = 10, d = 2
2. k = 10, u1 = 4, u10 = 22
3. k = 16, u1 = 20, d = 7
4. k = 15, u1 = 20, d = 10
5. k = 13, u1 = –18, u13 = –102

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