Scribd
Upload
162 views

Process Bus Automation - 18thapril

The document discusses process bus automation in substations using IEC 61850 standards. It describes the three functional levels in a digital substation and how the station bus and process bus communicate between these levels using optical networks. The process bus uses IEC 61850-9-2 to transmit sampled current and voltage values from merging units to protective relays over Ethernet. Merging units perform sampling, conversion and synchronization of values. The process bus provides advantages like reduced costs, improved safety and reliability compared to conventional wiring. Challenges include integrating existing relays and developing cost-effective sampling devices while ensuring interoperability.

Uploaded by

Brijendra Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
162 views

Process Bus Automation - 18thapril

The document discusses process bus automation in substations using IEC 61850 standards. It describes the three functional levels in a digital substation and how the station bus and process bus communicate between these levels using optical networks. The process bus uses IEC 61850-9-2 to transmit sampled current and voltage values from merging units to protective relays over Ethernet. Merging units perform sampling, conversion and synchronization of values. The process bus provides advantages like reduced costs, improved safety and reliability compared to conventional wiring. Challenges include integrating existing relays and developing cost-effective sampling devices while ensuring interoperability.

Uploaded by

Brijendra Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

PROCESS BUS AUTOMATION

IN SUBSTATION
Technologies of future
Substation Automation System
■ IEC 61850 based substations are generically named “Digital
Substations”.
■ The aim of digital substations is to digitise the information
near the source of information
■ Older numerical relays had proprietary protocols
■ IEC provided a solution to this problem and introduced a
specification for a universal communications protocol in
IEC61850.
A digital substation
■ Three Functional Levels
– Station Control Level
– Protection and Bay Control area level
– Primary Equipment Process level.
■ These levels communicate through Optical network, known as Bus.
– Station Bus: Optical communication between Station Control Level and
Protection & Bay Control area level. (IEC-61850-8-1)
– Process Bus: Optical communication between Protection & Bay Control area
level and Primary Equipment Process level. (IEC-61850-9-2).
Principle of Process Bus
■ IEC 61850-9-2 addresses the process bus “Specific Communication Services Mapping(SCSM)-Sampled
Values over IEC 8802-3”.
■ It provides data mapping to transmit analog sampled values directly over the Ethernet layer.
– Two modes exist for sending the sampled values
■ Protection: 80 samples/cycle.
■ Measurement: 256 samples/cycle.
■ Ethernet Network, 100 Mb/s
■ IEC 61850-9-2 LE for Sampled Values “SV”
– Current measurement (CT)
– Voltage measurement (VT)
■ IEC 61850-8-1 GOOSE Service
– Status position of Circuit Breaker / Switches (CB)
– Trip signals from protections to CBs (Trip)
– Commands from Control Systems (Open/Close)
– Others (monitoring status reports, health, settings…)
■ Time synchronisation
– Microsec accuracy required
■ Sampled Value Transmission
– Unidirectional link (MU to IED)
– •Physical layer : Optic fibre (copper optional)
– •Data Link layer : Ethernet 100 Mbit/s

■ Application Layer : IEC 61850-9-2 “Light Edition” guideline to aid implementation


and interoperability
– Sampling rate : 80 or 256 samples per cycle
– Neutral current and/or voltage may be measured, or derived
– Sampled values are multicast on the LAN
– Defines Logical Device “MU”
– Synchronising of sampling
IEC 61850-9-2LE Sampled Values

Each SV message has 4 voltages, 4 currents


•Primary values, quality info
•Current : 1mA to 2.14 MA, Voltage : 10mV to 21.4 MV

Merging Unit – Typical Naming


AMU : Analogue Merging Unit
Interface with conventional instrument transformers

DMU : Digital Merging Unit


Interface with CB / isolators / earth switches

CMU : Condition Monitoring Merging Unit


DMU with condition monitoring features

NMU : Numerical Merging Unit


Interface with digital instrument transformers
SCU and SAMU
Conventional Vs Process bus
Sampling Synchronisation

■ Protection functions/algorithms require all input quantities to be supplied in


‘real time’
■ Relay inputs may be from multiple MUs
o Substation layout
o Customer specifications
■ Ex: Distance Protection (Voltage & Current)
Both voltage & current supplied by one MU; synchronization provided by the
MU
Voltage from MU1 and Current from MU2; synchronization by common time
reference input to MU
Synchronisation Techniques and Monitoring
■ Sampled Value frames carry synchronisation info
– Time tags (count) relative to the start of the ‘sec’
– Identifier for sync source – Global, Local or No Sync
■ Sampling Synchronisation – Accuracy
– Time source accuracy +/- 1µs
– Sampling across multiple MUs synchronised to within +/‐ 4µs
– MU should be capable of compensating network delays > 2µs
■ Sampling Synchronisation – 1 PPS
– 1PPS signal, transmitted by fibre as medium
■ Rise and fall time < 20ns
■ Clock source : Typically based on GPS
■ Global 1PPS: GPS is alive, pulse width between 5μs and 500 ms
■ Local 1PPS : Pulse width between 0.9μs and 1.1μs
■ No Sync : Merging Unit ‘hold-over’
IEDs for Process Bus
Applications Relay -
Example
Interface for -8-1
Px4x Process Bus GOOSE
Interface
Interface for -9-
2LE Sampled
Values
Interfacing SV to IEDs
■ Point to Point Connection
– Feasible when all the SV required by a relay are available from a single MU
– Simple network, minimum delay, minimal engineering effort
■ Networked Connections
– Required if the SV required by a relay are from multiple MU, eg: transformer
IED, busbar IED
– Ethernet switch(es) involved, possibility of additional delays and sample jitter;
substation-hardened switches required, similar to Station Bus applications.
– Network Redundancy to be ensured.
Merging Units
• Merging units perform all the digital
data processing necessary to produce
a precise, time-aligned output data
stream of sampled values according to
the IEC 61850-9-2 standard

• Includes tasks such as sampling,


analogue to digital conversion,
scaling, precise real-time
referencing to the start of the last
second and message formatting

• Design varies with the applied


technology of the instrument
transformers (eg: optical, Rogowski,
voltage dividers, or conventional wound
instrument transformers), the switchgear
type and mounting space available
Ethernet Switches in Process Bus
■ What are the requirements for switches on Process Bus ?
• Industrial, substation-hardened
• Switches should be managed, to optimise LAN performance
• Check the number of Fibre / Copper ports available and compare with the application
requirements
• Switches that are ‘transparent clocks’ for IEEE 1588, where required for time
synchronisation
• !! Protection scheme is dependent on switches !!
• Typically, switches would be located with protection / BCU
NCIT
NCIT Advantages
■ Cost Savings (particularly at voltages above 200kV)
– Compact and lightweight primary current and voltage transformers
– Space-efficient, easily transportable
■ Digital Standard IEC 61850-9.2 - Interoperability
– Interoperability between conventional CT/VTs, other vendors supporting IEC 61850-
9.2, and test equipment
– Ease of integration in the Total Digital Substation.
■ Safety - Reliability - Availability
– No explosion risk
– No wired cross-site CT connection
■ Measurement Improvement
– No saturation, no ferroresonance, accurate transient response
– High bandwidth: Wide dynamic range for Protection short circuits, whilst retaining
accuracy for low-current Measurement
Economical Factors in the Process Bus
Automation
■ Reduced Substation footprint
(installation of NCITs)
■ Reduced cost of civil works (Cable
Trench, Equipment foundations)
■ Reduced cost of earth grid ( due to
reduced area)
■ Savings in the Cost of Copper cable
■ No requirement of air conditioned
Kiosks

■ Cost of Merging Units


■ Cost of battery bank
Operational Advantages in Process bus
■ Immunity to Induced voltages.
■ Immunity to maloperation due to DC earth fault.
■ Easier engineering and troubleshooting
■ Faster restoration times.
■ Enhanced operator safety
■ Automated testing
■ Online testing from remote.
Challenges
■ Adapt the existing protective relays to SV inputs and algorithm to accommodate the
same.
■ Develop Cost effective sampling devices.
■ Ensure interoperability among suppliers.
■ Define testing philosophy and methodology
■ Develop an architechture which is dependable as well as economical
New Avenues
■ Power Transformer online monitoring.
– Cooling Efficiency
– Ageing
– Oil Condition
– Bushing Condition
■ Instrument Transformer
– Voltage drift watch
■ Circuit Breakers
– SF6 Density watch
– I2t history
– Tripping and Closing times monitoring

– BIG Data and Associated learning


THANKS

You might also like