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Operating Systems

The document discusses operating systems, describing what they are, their structure and functions. It states that an operating system is software that enables computer programs to run by managing hardware resources and providing common services. It organizes the hardware into a hierarchy consisting of the hardware, OS software, system programs and application programs layers. Some key functions of OS mentioned are memory management, process scheduling, input/output control and file management. Examples of different types of OS like Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS are given. [END SUMMARY]

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Mr. Rahul Kumar Verma
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31 views

Operating Systems

The document discusses operating systems, describing what they are, their structure and functions. It states that an operating system is software that enables computer programs to run by managing hardware resources and providing common services. It organizes the hardware into a hierarchy consisting of the hardware, OS software, system programs and application programs layers. Some key functions of OS mentioned are memory management, process scheduling, input/output control and file management. Examples of different types of OS like Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS are given. [END SUMMARY]

Uploaded by

Mr. Rahul Kumar Verma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating Systems

What is OS?
 Operating System is a software, which makes a
computer to actually work.

 It is the software the enables all the programs we use.

 The OS organizes and controls the hardware.

 OS acts as an interface between the application


programs and the machine hardware.

 Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc.,


What OS does?

An operating system performs basic tasks such as,

 controlling and allocating memory,


 prioritizing system requests,
 controlling input and output devices,
 facilitating networking and
 managing file systems.
Structure of Operating System:
Application Programs

System Programs

Software (Operating System)

HARDWARE

(Contd…)
Structure of Operating System
(Contd…):
 The structure of OS consists of 4 layers:
1. Hardware
Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O
Devices, etc,

2. Software (Operating System)


Software includes process management
routines, memory management routines, I/O
control routines, file management routines.

(Contd…)
Structure of Operating System
(Contd…):

3. System programs
This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers,
linker etc.

4. Application programs
This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway
reservation system, Bank database
management etc.,
Evolution of OS:

 The evolution of operating systems went through seven


major phases.

 Six of them significantly changed the ways in which


users accessed computers through the open shop, batch
processing, multiprogramming, timesharing, personal
computing, and distributed systems.

 In the seventh phase the foundations of concurrent


programming were developed and demonstrated in
model operating systems.
(Contd…)
Evolution of OS (contd..):
Major Technical Operating
Phases Innovations Systems
The idea of OS IBM 701 open shop
Open Shop (1954)

Tape batching, BKS system (1961)


Batch
First-in, first-out
Processing scheduling.
Processor multiplexing, Atlas supervisor
Multi- Indivisible operations, (1961),
programming Demand paging, Exec II system (1966)
Input/output spooling,
Priority scheduling,
Remote job entry
(Contd…)
Evolution of OS (contd..):
Simultaneous user Multics file system
Timesharing interaction, (1965),
On-line file systems Unix (1974)
Hierarchical systems, RC 4000 system (1969),
Concurrent Extensible kernels, 13 Venus system
Programming Parallel programming (1972),
concepts, Secure parallel 14 Boss 2 system
languages (1975).
Graphic user interfaces OS 6 (1972)
Personal
Pilot system (1980)
Computing
Remote servers WFS file server (1979)
Distributed Unix United RPC (1982)
Systems 24 Amoeba system
(1990)
Batch Processing:
 In Batch processing same type of jobs batch (BATCH- a
set of jobs with similar needs) together and execute at a
time.
 The OS was simple, its major task was to transfer control
from one job to the next.
 The job was submitted to the computer operator in form
of punch cards. At some later time the output appeared.
 The OS was always resident in memory. (Ref. Fig. next
slide)
 Common Input devices were card readers and tape
drives.
Batch Processing (Contd…):
 Common output devices were line printers, tape drives,
and card punches.
 Users did not interact directly with the computer
systems, but he prepared a job (comprising of the
program, the data, & some control information).
OS

User
program
area
Multiprogramming:

 Multiprogramming is a technique to execute number of


programs simultaneously by a single processor.
 In Multiprogramming, number of processes reside in
main memory at a time.
 The OS picks and begins to executes one of the jobs in
the main memory.
 If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU
switches from that job to another job.
 Hence CPU in not idle at any time.
Multiprogramming (Contd…):
OS • Figuredipicts the layout of
multiprogramming system.
Job 1
• The main memory consists of 5
Job 2 jobs at a time, the CPU executes
one by one.
Job 3
Advantages:
Job 4 •Efficient memory utilization

Job 5 •Throughput increases


•CPU is never idle, so
performance increases.
Time Sharing Systems:

 Time sharing, or multitasking, is a logical extension of


multiprogramming.
 Multiple jobs are executed by switching the CPU
between them.
 In this, the CPU time is shared by different processes, so
it is called as “Time sharing Systems”.
 Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing CPU time
between processes.
 Examples: Multics, Unix, etc.,
Operating Systems functions:

 The main functions of operating systems are:

1. Program creation
2. Program execution
3. Input/Output operations
4. Error detection
5. Resource allocation
6. Accounting
7. protection
Types of OS:

Operating System can also be classified as,-

 Single User Systems

 Multi User Systems


Single User Systems:

 Provides a platform for only one user at a


time.

 They are popularly associated with Desk Top


operating system which run on standalone
systems where no user accounts are
required.
 Example: DOS
Multi-User Systems:

 Provides regulated access for a number of users by


maintaining a database of known users.

 Refers to computer systems that support two or more


simultaneous users.

 Another term for multi-user is time sharing.

 Ex: All mainframes and are multi-user systems.


 Example: Unix

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