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Population Ecology

The document discusses key concepts in population ecology including: 1) Population size, density, and dispersion are three key features of populations. Population growth rate is determined by birth and death rates. 2) Factors like immigration, emigration, and density-dependent/independent factors affect population density over time. 3) Populations can grow exponentially until environmental resistance occurs, then switch to logistic growth near the carrying capacity.

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Lilibeth Caparoso
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172 views25 pages

Population Ecology

The document discusses key concepts in population ecology including: 1) Population size, density, and dispersion are three key features of populations. Population growth rate is determined by birth and death rates. 2) Factors like immigration, emigration, and density-dependent/independent factors affect population density over time. 3) Populations can grow exponentially until environmental resistance occurs, then switch to logistic growth near the carrying capacity.

Uploaded by

Lilibeth Caparoso
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Population

Ecology
Population Dynamics

• Population:
• All the individuals of a species that live
together in an area

• Demography:
• The statistical study of populations,
allows predictions to be made about
how a population will change
Population Dynamics
• Three Key Features of Populations
• Size
• Density
• Dispersion
Three Key Features of Populations

Size: number of individuals in an area


Three Key Features of Populations
• Growth Rate:
• Birth Rate (natality) - Death Rate (mortality)
• How many individuals are born vs. how many
die
• Birth rate (b) − death rate (d) = rate of natural
increase (r)
Three Key Features of Populations

Density: measurement of population per unit


area or unit volume

Pop. Density = # of individuals ÷ unit of space


How Do You Affect Density?

1. Immigration: movement of individuals into a population

2. Emigration: movement of individuals out of a population

3. Density-dependent factors: Biotic factors in the


environment that have an increasing effect as population
size increases (disease, competition, parasites)

4. Density-independent factors: Abiotic factors in the


environment that affect populations regardless of their
density (temperature, weather)
Factors That Affect Future Population Growth

Immigration

+
+ -
Natality Population Mortality

-
Emigration
Population Dispersion
Three Key Features of Populations

• Dispersion: describes the spacing of


organisms relative to each other
• Clumped
• Uniform
• Random
How Are Populations Measured?

• Population density = number of individuals


in a given area or volume
• Count all the individuals in a population
• Estimate by sampling
• Mark-Recapture Method
How Do Populations Grow?
• Idealized models describe two kinds of
population growth:

1. Exponential Growth

2. Logistic Growth
Carrying Capacity
• Carrying Capacity (k):
• The maximum population size that can be
supported by the available resources
• There can only be as many organisms as the
environmental resources can support
Exponential Growth Curve

Figure 35.3A
Logistic Growth Curve
Factors Limiting Growth Rate
• Declining birth rate or increasing death rate
are caused by several factors including:
• Limited food supply
• The buildup of toxic wastes
• Increased disease
• Predation
“Booms” and “Busts”
Reproductive Strategies

• R Strategists
 Short life span
 Small body size
 Reproduce quickly
 Have many young
 Little parental care
 Ex: cockroaches,
weeds, bacteria
Reproductive Strategies

• K Strategists
 Long life span
 Large body size
 Reproduce slowly
 Have few young
 Provides parental
care
 Ex: humans,
elephants
Age Distribution
• Distribution of males and females in each age
group of a population

• Used to predict future population growth


Human Population Growth
• J curve growth
• Grows at a rate of about 80 million yearly
• r =1.3%
• Why doesn’t environmental resistance take effect?
• Altering their environment
• Technological advances
• The cultural revolution
• The agricultural revolution
• The industrial-medical revolution
The Human Population
• Doubled three times in the last three centuries
• About 6.1 billion and may reach 9.3 billion by
the year 2050
• Improved health and technology have lowered
death rates
History of the Human Population

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