EXOGENIC

PROCESSE
S
 ◦ External processes that occur at or
near the surface of the Earth.
◦ It is part of the rock cycle
◦ They are responsible for transforming
EXOGENIC rock into sediment.
◦ It also inlcude degradation process
PROCESS (weathering, mass wasting, erosion,
and transportation) and aggradation
ES (deposition)

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WEAT
HERIN
G
DEGRADATION PROCESSES

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 ◦ It refers to the physical
and/or chemical alteration
of rocks
◦ A process that does not
WEATHERIN involve movement of
G materials
◦ There are two types:
Mechanical and Chemical
weathering
 ◦ Disintegration
◦ The breaking up of large
MECHANIC rocks into smaller
fragments without changing
AL the rock’s mineral
WEATHERIN composition.
G

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FROST WEDGING

It occurs in regions
where temperature
fluctuates above and
below freezing point,
resulting in a freeze-
thaw cycle/

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INSOLATION WEATHERING

It results from the expansion and

contraction of rocks caused by
temperature changes.

The coefficient differs for each mineral in

the rock, resulting into different
stresses that may cause the rock to
crack.Furthermore, the outer surface of
the rock is often warmer or clder than
the inner portions,which may cause the
peeling away of outer layers.

Exfoliation- the process of “peeling off”

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UNLOADING

◦ It occurs when the overlying rock

is eroded away, causing the outer
rock layer to expand more than the
layers underneath.

◦ This expansion may separate the

outer rock from the rock body.

◦ This process is evident in intrusive

igneous rocks.

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 ◦ Decomposes rocks through
CHEMICAL chemical change
WEATHERIN
◦ There are 4 processes involved
G
in chemical weathering.

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 ◦ Oxygen dissolved in water
will oxidize some materials.
OXIDATIO Reddish-brown rust will
appear on the surface of
N iron-rich minerals which
easily crumbles and
weakens the rock.

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OXIDATIO
N

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 ◦ Water is perhaps the most
HYDROLYS important agent of
chemical weathering. It
IS affects silicate.

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HYDROLYSIS

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 ◦ Carbon dioxide dissolves in
CARBONATI water to form carbonic acid
ON AND and reacts with carbonate
rocks to form a soluble
SOLUTION product.

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CARBONATION AND
SOLUTION

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 ◦ Some plants and animals may
create chemical weathering by
BIOLOGIC releasing chelating and
AL audifying compounds that
react with some minerals in
ACTION rocks. Decaying remains of
dead plants in soil

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WHY DOES WEATHERING OCCUR?
Weathering occurs because the rocks
that are exposed at the surface at a
very different temperature and
pressure than they formed. When the
rocks are exposed at the surface or
near surface they are under
atmospheric temperatures and
pressures. 17
MASS
WASTI
DEGRADATION PROCESSES

NG
 ◦ It is the mass movement of rocks, soil,
and regolith. It is the step that follows
weathering and is also a degradation
process.
MASS ◦ The driving force of mass wasting is
gravity.
WASTIN ◦ Although gravity is the controlling
force, there are other factors that
G influence or trigger the down slope
movement of materials with water,
such as over steepening of slopes
beyond the angle of repose, removal of
anchoring vegetation, and ground
vibration from earthquakes.
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TYPES OF MASS
WASTING
ROCKS AND DEBRIS
FALLS
◦ Rock falls occur when a
piece of rocks or a mass of
rocks become dislodge and
makes free-fall along a
steep cliff. Debris fall is
similar to rock fall, except
that it involves a mixture
of soil regolith, vegetation
and rocks. At the base of
the cliff in an accumulation
of fallen materials called
talus.
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LANDSLIDES
◦ Landslides are sudden fast movement
of cohesive mass of soil, rock, or
regolith.
◦ Translational slides involve the
movement of a mass of materials
along a well-defined surface, such as
bedding plane, foliation surface, or
joint surface.

◦ Rotational slides or slumps occur

when the descending materials move
en-masse along a concave, upward
curved surface.

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FLOWS
◦ Flows may be slurry flows or
granular flows. Slurry flows
consists of mixtures of rocks
or regolith with 20% to 40%
of water. They are
considered as water-
saturated flows. Granular
flows contain 0 to 20 %
water. They are not
saturated with water.

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EROSI
ON
DEGRADATION PROCESSES
 ◦ It is the process of
transporting weathered
EROSIO sediments by agents of
erosion to different places.
N ◦ Running water is the
primary agent of erosion
on Earth.

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AGENTS OF
EROSION
 Splash Erosion- Sheet Erosion- Gully Erosion-
Raindrops cause tiny Raindrops break After heavy rain,
particles of soil to be apart the soil water flows in
detached and to structure which narrow
move out. moves down the channels,eroding
slope as water flows gullies into great
overland as sheet. depth.
Valley Erosion-
Continuous water
Bank Erosion-
flow alongside land

WATER
Continuous flow of
and move
water wears out Coastline Erosion-
downward, which
stones along the Waves from ocean
deepens a valley.
bank of streams and and sas crash
rivers. against the shore,
pounding the rocks
into pebbles and
Seaside cliff erosion- reducing the pebbles
The battering of ocean waves erodes to sand.Sand is also
seaside cliffs,forming hales that create removes from the
caves.Continuous pounding of waves beaches, which
may create an arch that may fall, changes the
coastline.
leaving nothing but rock columns
called sea stocks
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 GLACIER
◦ A glacier is a thick large mass of ice
formed hundreds or thousands of years
mostly in remote areas like in the poles or
in high mountains. They move very
slowly.

◦ Plucking is the process wherein fractured

bedrocks are incorporated into the ice.
This occurs when ice water freezes. It
expands, loosens, and pulls out the rocks
fragments, becoming part of the glacier.

◦ The abrasional effect happens when the

ice and its load of rock fragments slide
over a bedrock. Abrasion smoothens and
polishes the surface below. The result of
abrasion may be rock flour (pulverized
rock) or glacial striation (scratches and
grooves) on the bedrock surface.

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 ◦ Wind caries dust, sand, and
volcanic ash from one place to
another. In dry areas, strong
winds wears away soft rocks,
WIND and also polishes rocks and
cliffs until they are smooth.
Wind can also erode materials
until nothing is left.

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TRANSP
ORTATI
ON
DEGRADATION PROCESSES
 ◦ 2.Suspension
◦ 1.Solution
Materials are ◦ - The
◦ - Materials are
transported in dissolved in
suspended
particles are
four distinct water and
carried by a
carried along
ways by water.
medium ( air,
water, ice)

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 ◦ 3.Traction ◦ 4.Saltation
◦ - Particles ◦ - Particles
move by move from the
Materials are rolling, sliding, surface to the
transported in and shuffling medium in
along eroded quick repeated
four distinct surface.These cycles. The
ways movements repeated cycle
occur in all has enough
erosional force to detach
agents. new particles.

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DEPOS
ITION
AGGRADATION PROCESS
 ◦ It is the aggradation or
DEPOSITI accumulation of weathered
sediments to create
ON different landforms.

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DEPOSITIONAL
LANDFORMS
 WATER AND LANDFORMS
• Whenever stream velocity decreases, it deposits the sediments it
carries. The material deposits of stream is called alluvium.

• Deltas are formed when river loses energy as it flows in to an area of

slow-moving water, such as a lake or the sea.

• Distributaries are parts of a stream that leaves the main flow.

• Alluvial fans are formed when a stream reaches a flat area (called
piedmont) or gently sloping plain.

• Flood plain is a flat wide expanse of alluvium covering flat areas prone
to flooding.

• Levees are formed by successive floods over many years.

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 GLACIER AND LANDFORMS
• Glaciers, as they moved across the land, pick up and
transport huge load of debris. Ultimately, these materials
are deposited when glaciers melt. In general, all unsorted
deposits of rock formed directly by the ice are called
glacial till.

• Moraines are layers or ridges of till. A long pile of rocky

material at the edge of glacier is called lateral moraine
while at the middle of the glacier is called medial moraine.

• Esker is a winding ridge of sand and gravel deposited

under a glacier by water melting from the ice.

• Drumlins are streamlined asymmetrical hills composed of

till. They may occur in clusters as drumlin fields. Kames are
steep-sided hills. Like eskers, they are composed of sand
and gravel. 37
 WIND AND LANDFORMS
• Like water & glacier, wind is considered a significant agent in
creating landforms. Accumulations of windblown sediments are
usually found in dry lands and along sandy coasts. There are two
types of windblown deposits: loess and dunes.

• Loess is the accumulated blanket of silt carried by wind in

suspension and deposited over board areas. Loess can be as high
as 100 meters.

• Sand dunes are deposits of coarse materials in the shape of hills

or ridges. Dune is a general term to describe any mound or ridge
of windblown sand rising to various heights up to 50m. Dunes
are found in deserts or low- lying coasts where sand is
constantly renewed by onshore winds flowing across the sandy
beaches.

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