Geometry of ship & hydrostatic calculations

R.SOMASUNDARAM
TOPICS TO BE TAUGHT
 Ship’s lines.  Co-efficient of forms.
 Displacement calculations.  Wetted surface area.
 First and second moment of areas.  Similar figures.
 Simpson’s rules, application to area  Centre of gravity.
and volume.
 Calculation of volume.
 Trapezoidal rule
 Centroid of volume.
 Mean and mid ordinate rule.
 Calculation of WPA of ship.
 Tchebycheff’s rule and their
 Co-efficient of forms.
applications.
 Familiarisation with hydrostatic
 Concept of DWT, GT & NT.
curves of ship.
 Tonnes per cm. immersion.
 What is naval architecture?
o Naval architecture is the science of making a ship ‘fit for purpose’.
 For serving its purpose it must
 Float upright with enough watertight volume above the waterline to cope with
waves and accidental flooding.
 Have adequate stability to cope with operational upsetting moments and to
withstand a specified degree of flooding following damage.
 It must not be so stable that motions become unpleasant.
 Be able to maintain the desired speed in the sea conditions it is likely to meet.
 Be strong enough to withstand the loads it will experience in service.
 Be capable of moving in a controlled way in response to movements of control
surfaces; to follow a given course or manoeuvre in confined waters.
 Not respond too violently to waves.
Laws of floatation

 Archimedes principle states that when a body is wholly or partially

immersed in a fluid, it suffers an apparent loss of mass that is equal
to the mass of fluid displaced.
 Laws of floatation states that a floating vessel displaces its own
weight in water.
 As the mass density of fresh water is 1000 kg/m3, a body of 1 m3 if
fully immersed in fresh water will suffer a loss of 1000 kg
 Since the mass of the body has not changed, there should be an
upward force causing the loss.
 This upward thrust experienced by the body is known as
buoyancy.
 How does the ship float?
 Assume a body of 1 cubic metre volume weighing 4000 kg is lowered into fresh water.
 It will displace 1 cubic metre of fresh water which, as we now know, weighs 1000 kg.
 So, there is a force acting upwards of 1000 kg and a force acting downwards of 4000 kg.
 The resultant force has to be 3000 kg downwards. That is, the block will sink.
 If we take the same 4000kg block and mould it into a hollow box with a volume of 5 m3,
and then place it in fresh water, it will displace 5 cubic metres of fresh water.
 If the box were now completely submerged, it would experience an upward force of
5000 kg. However, the downward force of the box is only 4000 kg, thus the resultant
force will be 1000 kg upwards.
 In this case the box will rise out of the water to a level where the forces are equal and
opposite, that is, with 4 cubic metres under water, and 1 cubic metre still outside water.
 Thus for a body to (just) float in water, its weight must be exactly balanced by the force
of buoyancy. If the volume of the body is further increased, it will float with a certain
amount outside the water.
 Relative density
 Relative density (specific gravity) is the ratio between the
density of the substance to the density of fresh water.
 R.D.=density of substance/density of fresh water
 As we know, density = mass/volume, R.D. is also
expressed as ratio between mass of substance to mass of
fresh water of same volume
 Density of fresh water is 1000 kg/m3
 Density of sea water is taken as 1024 kg/m3
 So R.D of sea water= 1024/1000= 1.024
When a double-bottom tank is full of fresh water it holds 120 tonnes. Find how many
tonnes of oil of relative density 0.84 it will hold.

 R.D.= mass of oil/mas of fresh water

 0.84= mass of oil/120
 = 120*0.84= 100.8 tonnes.
A cylindrical drum 1.5 m long and 60 cm in diameter has mass 20 kg when empty. Find its draft in
water of density 1024 kg per cu. m if it contains 200 litres of paraffin of relative density 0.6, and is
floating with its axis perpendicular to the waterline

 Mass of paraffin= R.D.* volume= 0.6*200/1000= 120 kg

 Mass of cylinder = 20 kg
 Total mass of the floating object = 140 kg
 Mass of sea water displaced by the body = 140 kg
 But the mass of sea water displaced= volume of the immersed section* density of s.w.
 Volume of s.w. displaced= 140/1024=0.137 m3
𝑑2
 Again volume of immersed cylindrical section=π 4 h
0.137∗4
 Immersed height, h= π =0.484m
0.6 2
 Reserve buoyancy

 We know that a floating vessel must displace its own weight of water.
 Therefore, it is the submerged portion of a floating vessel which
provides the buoyancy.
 The volume of the enclosed spaces above the waterline are not
providing buoyancy but are being held in reserve.
 If extra weights are loaded to increase the displacement, these spaces
above the waterline are there to provide the extra buoyancy required.
 Thus, reserve buoyancy may be defined as the volume of the enclosed
spaces above the waterline.
 It may be expressed as a volume or as a percentage of the total
volume of the vessel
 SHIP’S LINES
 The hull form is portrayed graphically by the lines plan or sheer plan
 It shows the various curves of intersection between the hull and the three sets of
orthogonal planes.
 As the ship is symmetrical, by convention only one half is shown.
 The curves showing the intersections of the vertical fore and aft planes are grouped in
the sheer profile.
 The waterlines are grouped in the half breadth plan.
 Sections by transverse planes in the body plan.
 In merchant ships the transverse sections are numbered from aft to forward.
 In some ships, particularly carriers of bulk cargo, the transverse cross section is
constant for some fore and aft distance near amidships.
 This portion is known as the parallel middle body.
 Where there are excrescences from the main hull, such as shaft brackets or bilge keel.
these are treated as appendages and faired separately.
Block coefficient

 Block coefficient is the ratio

between under water volume
to the volume of a box with
extreme dimensions and is
𝛻
given by C𝐵 =
𝐿𝑝𝑝 𝐵𝑇
 the under water volume of
the ship, Lpp= length
between perpendiculars,
B=extreme breadth, T=mean
draught
Coefficient of fineness of water plane area and displacement

 Water plane area coefficient is the

ratio of the area of the water-plane to
the area of the a rectangle having the
same length and maximum breadth.
Cw=area of water plane/L*B
 Coefficient of fineness of displacement
is the ratio of volume at that draft to
the volume of the rectangle box having
the same overall length, breath and
depth.
 Cb=volume of displacement/ L*B*d
Other Coefficients

𝐴𝑚
 Mid ship Coefficient, 𝐶𝑀 =
𝐵𝑇
𝛻
 Longitudinal prismatic coefficient, 𝑐𝑃 =
𝐴𝑚𝐿𝑝𝑝
𝛻
 Vertical prismatic coefficient, 𝐶𝑉𝑃 =
𝐴𝑤𝑇
Some terms to get familiarised with
 Displacement is the weight of the water displaced by immersed section.
 ∆= ρ𝒈𝛻 where ρ the density of the water in which the ship is floating
 g the acceleration due to gravity and 𝛻 the underwater volume.
 Light displacement is the weight of the hull and machinery.
 It is the weight of the ship without any cargo, lubricating oil, fuel, ballast,
fresh & feed water in tanks, consumable stores, passengers, crew and
their effects.
 Dead weight is the weight of the cargo, fuel, water, crew and effects.
 Gross tonnage is based on the volume of all enclosed spaces.
 Net tonnage is the volume of cargo spaces plus the volume of passenger
spaces multiplied by a coefficient.
 Centre of gravity: it is the point through which force of
gravity may be considered to act vertically downwards with
the force equal to weight of the ship.
 Centre of buoyancy: it is the point through which the force
of buoyancy may be considered to act vertically upwards
,with force equal to the weight of the water displaced by the
ship.
 Centre of flotation: It is the geometric center of the water-
plane area of the ship at that draft. COF is the point about
which the ship would pivot, when the trim is changed .
Reserve buoyancy: It is the volume of the enclosed
spaces above the waterline .
It may be expressed as a volume in m³.
RB=total volume –underwater volume
RB%=above water volume *100/ total volume
Trim means the difference in fore and aft
draft. Trim is measured in meters.
List the transverse inclination caused when the
COG of the ship is off the center line.
List is normally expressed in degrees.

ϴ L1

WO
ϴ1 Lo
W1
 It is used to find out the areas Simpson’s rule
and volumes of irregular
figures.
 The rules are based on the
assumption that the boundaries
of such figures are curves
which follow a definite
mathematical law.
 The accuracy of the answers
obtained will depend upon the
spacing of the ordinates and
upon how near the curve
follows the law.
Simpson’s rules

 Simpson’s first rule is applied when odd number of coordinates are there and the curve is a
parabola of second order in the form of y= a0+a1x+a2 x2 where a0,a1 & a2 being constants.
 A coefficient of 1/3 with multipliers of 1, 4, 1, etc.
 If the number coordinates are 7, then the multipliers will be 1,4,2,4,2,4 & 1
 In Simpson’s second rule area of figure = 3/8h { y1+ 3y2+3y3+y4)
 A coefficient of 3/8 with multipliers of 1, 3, 3, 1, etc.
 In Simpson’s third rule area of figure = h/12 {5 y1+ 8y2-y3)
 A coefficient of 1/12 with multipliers of 5,8 and -1 and is used to find the area between two
consecutive ordinates when three consecutive ordinates are known.
Trapezoidal rule
 If the points at which the parallel lines intersect the area perimeter are joined by
straight lines, the area can be represented approximately by the summation of
the set of trapezia so formed.
ℎ𝑛
 The generalized situation is illustrated, 𝐴 = {𝑦𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 + 1}
2
 Tchebycheff’s rule gives the formula for area as A= span of curve on X axis* sum of
ordinates/number of ordinates.
2ℎ
 (e.g.) a curve spanning 2 units, 2h and defined by 3 coordinates, 𝐴 = {𝑦0 + 𝑦1 + 𝑦2}
3