Atoms,

Molecules,
and Ions
Writing Formulas and Naming of
Chemical Compounds
CONTENT STANDARDS

Demonstrate an
understanding of
1. atomic structure; and
2. formulas and names of
compounds.
Learning Objectives
•I will be able to write the
chemical formula of some
molecules;
• I will be able to differentiate a
molecular formula and an
empirical formula; and
• I will be able to give the name
of a compound, given its
chemical formula.
 •Properties of Metals
• Metals are good
conductors of heat and
electricity.
• Metals are shiny.
• Metals are ductile (can
be stretched into thin
wires).
• Metals are malleable
• Less stable than
(can be pounded into non-metals
thin sheets). • Form cations
• A chemical property of • Lose electrons
metal is its reaction with and form a
water which results in + charge
corrosion.
•Properties of • Non-metals are poor
Non-Metals conductors of heat
and electricity.
• Non-metals are not
ductile or malleable.
Sulfur • Solid non-metals are
brittle and break
• More stable than
easily.
metals • They are dull.
• Form anions • Many non-metals are
• Gain electrons and
forms a ( - )chargegases.
•Properties of Metalloids
• Metalloids (metal-like)
have properties of both
metals and non-metals.
• They are solids that can
be shiny or dull.
• They conduct heat and
electricity better than
non-metals but not as
well as metals.
• They are ductile and

Silicon malleable.
•How many elements?

There are 118 known elements.

92 of the elements can be found in the

Earth’s rocks, soil, air and water.

The remainder have been made by

nuclear scientists.
•The most abundant element in the
earth’s crust is oxygen.
•What are the newly discovered
elements?

Elements Symbol Atomic No.

Copernicium Cn 112
Nihonium Nh 113
Flerovium Fl 114
Moscovium Mc 115
Livermorium Lv 116
Tennesine Ts 117
Oganesson Og 118
• Four new elements with
atomic numbers 113,
115, 117, and 118 were
approved by the IUPAC
last Nov 28, 2016
• Three of the elements were
named after locations of
scientists’ institutions:
Tennessine (Tennessee),
Nihonium (Japan) and Moscovium
(Moscow). Yuri Oganessian, a
nuclear physics professor at the
Joint Institute for Nuclear
Research, inspired the fourth,
Oganesson. The four elements,
synthetically created in labs,
round out the seventh row of the
table. – Research Triangle
Park,NC.
•How do the following particles
differ from each other?

Atoms
Molecules
Ions
Atoms Molecules Ions

is the are made up of is an atom

smallest atoms that are held or group
unit of together of atoms
by chemical bonds. in which
matter that These bonds form the
has the as a result of the number of
properties sharing or electrons
of an exchange of is different
element. electrons among from the
atoms. number of
protons.
An element is a substance that is made
from one kind of atom only. It cannot
be broken down into simpler substances.
atom atom

An element
An element
•When atoms are chemically
bonded together with covalent
bonds, molecules are formed.
•An ion is an atom or group of
atoms where the number of
electrons is not equal to the
number of protons.
Nonmetals Metals
What does it mean for the elements to
be reactive?
• Elements that are reactive bond easily with
other elements to make compounds.
• Some elements are only found in nature
bonded with other elements.
• What makes an element reactive?
• An incomplete valence electron level.
• All atoms (except hydrogen) want to have
8 electrons in their very outermost energy
level (This is called the rule of octet.)
• Atoms bond until this level is complete.
Atoms with few valence electrons lose them
during bonding. Atoms with 6, 7, or 8
valence electrons gain electrons during
bonding.
5
What is the difference between an atom and an ion?

The presence of charges (+ or -)

Ions can be made up
of only one atom
(monatomic) or more
than one type of atom
(polyatomic).
1. Name the following cations:
a. Zn2+
b. Mg2+
c. K+
d. Fe2+
e. Fe3+
2. name the following anions:
a. Br-
b. S2-
c. O2-
d. I-
Monoatomic ions are named
based on the element.
• For cations, the name of the element is
unchanged.
• If an element can form two ions of different
charges, the name, which is usually
derived from its Latin name, is modified by
the suffix –ic for the ion with the higher
charge, and –ous for that with the lower
charge.
• Usually transition metals found on d-block
Examples
Compound Stock System Classical

FeO Iron (II)Oxide Ferrous

Oxide

Fe2O3 Iron (III) Oxide Ferric

Oxide
Metals with Variable Oxidation
Numbers
 Exercise:
Applying the stock and classical systems, give the
names of the following binary compounds.
Compound Stock System Classical System

Cu2O

CuO

HgCl
HgO

AuI
AuCl3
b. For anions, the name of the element is
modified by the suffix –ide.
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds – made up of
two monatomic ions, one is positive and the other
negative.

Naming Binary Molecular Compounds – composed

of two nonmetals. The nonmetal with lower
electronegativity value is positive and the nonmetal
with higher electronegativity value is negative.

The ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself in a

covalent bond.
Nonmetallic Elements, Symbols and Charges of the
Anions they Form, Stem and Names of the Anions
 The following are examples of
binary molecular compounds
1. CO carbon monoxide
2. N2O dinitrogen oxide
3. N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide
4. SO2 sulfur dioxide
5. PCl3 phosphorus trichloride
Write the formula of the binary
compound formed

1. Ca + Cl
2. K+S
3. Na + O
4. C+I
5. Al + O
6. H+O
Several anions are polyatomic
and are named based on the
atomic constituents and the suffix
– ide.
The most common examples
are:
a. OH- – hydroxide ion
b. CN- – cyanide ion
Ternary compounds
• are those containing
polyatomic ions;
• are made up of more than
one kind of atom. These
atoms are covalently
bonded and carry a net
electrical charge.
•A number of polyatomic anions containing
oxygen atoms are named based on the
root word of the central (or non-oxygen)
atom and the suffix –ate for the one with
more oxygen atoms and –ite for the one
with less oxygen atom.
a. NO3- nitrate ion
b. NO2- nitrite ion
c. SO3 2- sulfite ion
d. SO42- sulfate ion
e. PO43- phosphate ion
Some Polyatomic ions, Their Names,
Formulas and Charges

Some anions have

common names ending
with the suffix –ate.
a. C2H3O2- acetate ion
b. C2O4 2- oxalate ion
Examples:
1. NaNO3 sodium nitrate
2. MgCO3 magnesium carbonate
3. CuOH Copper (I) Hydroxide
4. Cu(OH)2 Copper (II) Hydroxide
5. HgNO3 Mercury (I)Nitrate
6. Hg(NO3)2 Mercury (II) Nitrate
Exercise:
Name the following compounds:
1. KClO3 Potassium Chlorate
2. Li2CO3 Lithium Chlorate
3. Fe(OH)3 Iron (III) Hydroxide
4. Ni(NO2)3 Nickel (III) Nitrite
• Thecomposition of a molecule or an ion
can be represented by a chemical
formula. The formula consists of the
symbols of the atoms making up the
molecule. If there is more than one atom
present, a numerical subscript is used.
Examples are the following:
a. O2 – oxygen gas
b. H2O – water
c. NaOH – sodium hydroxide (liquid Sosa)
d. HCl – hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid)
Write the formula and name the compound
formed by each of the following pairs:
a. Mg2+ and Br- h. Mg2+ and PO43-
b. Ca2+ and S2- i. NH4+ and NO2-
c. NH4+ and OH- j. Li+ and CN-
d. Na+ and SiO32-

e. Ba2+ and C2H3O2-

f. Al3+ and CO32-

g. Cu+ and SO4 2-

Name the following compounds:
1. CaI2
2. K2O
3. AlF3
4. CO
5. P2O5
6. CuCl2
7. Fe2O3
8. SnS2
9. AuCl3
Naming of Acids
Acids – yield hydrogen ions in aqueous
solutions.
a. Binary acids – composed of hydrogen
and another element, usually a nonmetal.
The first part of the name starts with the
prefix hydro- followed by the name of the
element, modified by the ending –ic.
The second part consists of the word
‘acid’. Name = hydro- (root name of
element) -ic + acid
Naming of Acids
Name = hydro- (root name of element) –
ic + acid

i. HCl
ii. H2S
iii. HI
Naming of Acids
Ternary acids – made up of hydrogen and
an anion, usually containing oxygen.
The first part of the name consists of the
root word of the name of the element,
modified by the ending –ic.
The second part consists of the word
‘acid’. If there is another acid with the
same atoms, the suffix –ous is used to
denote the one with less number of atoms.
Name = (root name of element) -ic
(or –ous) + acid
Naming Acids
Name = (root name of element) -ic
(or –ous) + acid
ternary acids:
i. HNO3
ii. HNO2
iii. H2SO4
iv. H2SO3
v. H3PO4
PERCENT COMPOSITION
• Preparationand
identification of new
compounds are one of the
biggest excitements that
happen in a chemical
laboratory.
PERCENT COMPOSITION

• The identification of
such a compound is
achieved by establishing its
formula.
• The initial step is to determine
its percent composition.
PERCENT COMPOSITION
The percent by mass of each element
in a compound.
Percent Composition
Exercise:
1. What is the percent composition of
water, H2O?
2. Find the percent composition of
sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.
3. Determine the percent of nitrogen in
ammonium nitrate.
•Empirical formula
Empirical formula – gives the composition
of the molecule, in terms of the smallest
ratio of the number of atoms present.
It indicates the lowest whole number
ratio of the elements in a compound.
Examples are the following:
i. CH2O
ii. NaCO2
Empirical Formula
Three steps in determining the EF given
the percent composition of a
compound.
1. Using 100g of compound as basis,
change percent to gram.
2. Change gram to number of moles.

3. Calculate the lowest whole number

ratio of the moles.
Finding the Empirical Formula
Finding the Empirical Formula
Finding the Empirical Formula
Molecular formula
• Molecular formula – gives the
composition of the molecule, in terms
of the actual number of atoms present.
Examples are the following:
i. C6H12O6
ii. K3PO4
iii. Na2C2O4
Molecular formula
Steps in determining the MF.
1. Find the empirical formula (ef).

2. Get the empirical formula mass,(efm).

3. Divide the given formula mass of the

compound by the efm to get the
multiple of the empirical formula.
4. Multiply the susbscripts of each atom
in the ef by the multiple to get the mf
of the compound.
Finding the Molecular Formula