PRODUCTION OF VINYL CHLORIDE

PROCESS SELECTION
 INTRODUCTION:

- Vinyl chloride is an organochloride that is also called vinyl chloride

monomer (VCM). It is a colorless, flammable gas at ambient temperature with
a sweetish odor.
- This compound is an important industrial chemical chiefly used to produce
the polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
- VCM is among the top twenty largest petrochemicals (petroleum-derived
chemicals) in world production.
- The industrial production of vinyl chloride is based on three methods: the
thermal cracking of 1,2 – dichloroethane; the hydrochlorination of acetylene;
and the synthesis of vinyl chloride from ethylene and chlorine.
Table 6.1 Properties of Vinyl Chloride

PROPERTIES

VINYL CHLORIDE

Molecular Formula C2H3Cl

Molecular Weight 62.5 gram/mole

Appearance Colorless gas

Odor Pleasant

Boiling Point -13.4°C

Melting Point -153.8°C

Density 0.910 gram/mL

Solubility Slightly soluble in water (1.1 g/L) at 25°C

Soluble in ethanol

Very soluble in diethyl ether, carbon tetrachloride

and benzene
 USES

• Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is one of the world’s most important

and largest commodity chemicals [4]. VCM is used primarily (> 95%) in
the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The rest of the VCM uses
goes into the manufacture of chlorinated solvents (primarily 10000
tonnes per year of 1,1,1-trichloroethane).
 USES

• Manufacture of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

VCM is used primarily as a raw material in industrial operations that
manufacture polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
 USES

• Manufacture of Chlorinated Solvents

Chlorinated solvents are a large family of chemical compounds that
contain chlorine, for example, carbon tetrachloride (carbon tet),
trichloroethylene (TCE), or methylene chloride.
 PROCESS 1

PRODUCTION OF VINYL CHLORIDE VIA GAS-

PHASE DEHYDROCHLORINATION OF 1,2-
DICHLOROETHANE
 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

• The gas-phase dehydrochlorination is the most important route and industrially

used for the production of vinyl chloride. The reaction occurs via a first-order
free radical chain mechanism, which starts with the hemolytic cleavage of a C –
Cl bond:
1) ClCH2–CH2Cl → ClCH2–C·H2 +Cl ·
2) Cl ·+ ClCH2–CH2Cl → ClCH2–C·HCl + HCl
3) ClCH2–C·HCl → CH2 = CHCl + Cl
 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

The crack reaction is industrially carried out at temperatures between 400 and
650 ◦C, preferably, however, between 500 and 550 ◦C. Reactor pressure may vary
from 0.1 to 4.0 MPa. However, high-pressure processes (2.0 – 3.0 MPa) are
preferred because high pressure reduces furnace size, improves heat transfer, and
makes the downstream separation easier, due to increased boiling points. Mean
residence time is about 10 – 20 s. The 1,2-dichloroethane conversion is kept at
50 – 60%per pass to control byproduct formation and coking, which significantly
increases at higher conversion rates and causes yield losses. At these conversion
rates, vinyl chloride yields of 95– 99% are obtainable.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION

Schematic flow sheet for production of vinyl chloride

by thermal cracking of 1,2-dichloroethane
a) Crack furnace;
b) Transfer pipe heat exchanger;
c) Quench tower;
d) HCl distillation tower;
e) VCM purification tower;
f) VCM wash tower;
g) Light-end tower;
h) EDC – heavy end tower;
i) Cooler;
j) Knock-out drum;
k) Reboiler
 SUSTAINABILITY

The main compound needed in the process, 1,2-dichloroethane is not

commonly produced here in the Philippines. Prominent suppliers and distributors of
this chemical can be located in the mainland China. As for chlorine, it is readily
available in the Philippine market, be in liquid or powder form. The table below shows
the estimated price of the raw materials needed for this process and the
corresponding amount.
Raw Material Amount Price
1,2- 500ml Php 5,339.44
Dichloroethane

Source: rightpricechemicals.com
alibaba.com
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Component: 1,2-Dichloroethane

Impact Impact Category Impact Group Impact Group

Category ABC Rating Impact Group ABC Rating Numerical Rating EF Value

AT B Organisms A 1 0.65

ChT A Organisms

ED B Organisms

ThR A Component Risk A 1

GWP C Air B 0.3

ODP C Air

AP C Air

POCP B Air

OD C Air

EP B Water/Soil B 0.3

OCPP B Water Soil

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Component: Hydrogen Chloride

Impact Impact Category Impact Group Impact Group

Category ABC Rating Impact Group ABC Rating Numerical EF Value
Rating

AT A Organisms A 1 0.575

ChT B Organisms

ED A Organisms

ThR C Component Risk C 0

GWP B Air A 1

ODP C Air

AP A Air

POCP C Air

OD B Air

EP B Water/Soil B 0.3

OCPP B Water/Soil
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Component: Vinyl Chloride

Impact Impact Impact Group Impact Group

Category Category ABC Impact Group ABC Rating Numerical EF Value
Rating Rating

AT B Organisms A 1 0.65
ChT A Organisms

ED B Organisms
ThR A Component A 1
Risk

GWP B Air B 0.3

ODP B Air

AP B Air

POCP C Air

OD B Air
 MANUFACTURABILITY

Number of Intensive Equipment

Type of Intensive Quantity Complexity

Equipment
Furnace 1 -High capital cost for
installation
-High energy
consumption
Reactor 1 - Requires up to 650℃
Reboiler 1 - High temperature
requirement
 MANUFACTURABILITY

• Process Usage in the Industry

Dow Chemical and Hoechst Philippines Inc, Ethyl Corporation in Virgina,
USA, B.F Goodrich in Charlotte, North Carolina and Wacker which has also a
plant here in the Philippines uses this process either noncatalized or catalized.
 SAFETY

Human Safety
HEALTH HAZARD RATING
0 For minimal hazard and no significant risk to health
1 For slight hazard or minor reversible injury possible
2 For moderate hazard temporary or minor injury may occur
3 For serious hazard major injury likely unless prompt action is
taken and medical treatment given
4 For severe hazard, life-threatening, major of permanent damage
may result from single or repeated exposures
 SAFETY

Toxicity Levels of Raw Materials for Process 1

CRITERIA 1,2- Dichloroethane
Severity of Immediate Effects Contact with liquid or vapor causes severe burns and
possible irreversible eye damage.
Harmful if swallowed.
High concentration inhalation causes respiratory tract
irritation.
Sensitization Level No information on the sensitization potential of this
substance was identified.
Carcinogenicity Level Suspect carcinogen

Reproductive Toxicity Level No data available to indicate product or any components

present at greater than 0.1% may cause birth defects.

Severity of Chronic Effects Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis.
Prolonged or repeated eye contact may cause conjunctivitis.
May cause liver and kidney damage.
 SAFETY

Toxicity Level Score of Raw Materials for

Process 1
CRITERIA 1,2- Dichloroethane
Severity of 2
Immediate
Effects
Sensitization 1
Level
Carcinogenicity 3
Level
Reproductive 0
Toxicity Level
Severity of 4
Chronic Effects
Subtotal 10
Total 10
 SAFETY

• Equipment Safety
• The process includes an equipment which operates at high temperature and
pressure ranging from 400°C to 650°C and 2.0-3.0 MPa. The crack furnace
should be operated carefully as it contains huge amount of heat when in use.
The process also includes a reactor which needs to be operated carefully since
it is the most complicated equipment to be used.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT

This process imposes an adverse impact on the environment mainly

because of the raw material, 1,2-dichloroethane, which is highly toxic. Also
because of the volatile impurities that are present in its by-products such as
1,1,1- and 1,1,2- trichloroethane which are listed as an environmental hazard.
 PROCESS II

PRODUCTION OF VINYL CHLORIDE

MONOMER VIA C ATALYTIC
HYDROCHLORINATION OF ACETYLENE
 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

Reactions Involve:
1. 𝐶𝑎𝐶2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐻𝐶 ≡ 𝐶𝐻 + 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
0
2. 𝐻𝐶 ≡ 𝐶𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝐿 → 𝐶𝐻2 = 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑙 ∆𝐻298 = −99.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

Production of vinyl chloride from acetylene and

hydrogen chloride (schematic)
a) Reactor; b) Lights column; c) VCM column; d) Heavies
stripper; e) Ventwash tower; g) Cooler; h) Knock-out drum;
i) Reboiler
 PROCESS DESCRIPION

Acetylene and hydrogen chloride are mixed and fed with recycle gas to the reactor.
The gases leaving the reactor are compressed and fed to a first tower, where most of
the vinyl chloride is withdrawn as a liquid from the bottom. Most of the overhead
product (HCl, C2H2 and C2H3Cl) is recycled to the reactor. For removal of inert
matter, a small part of this recycle stream is drawn off and washed with heavies—
preferably 1,1-dichloroethane formed by competitive addition of HCl to vinyl
chloride—to recover vinyl chloride and acetylene. In the second tower, the crude
vinyl chloride is purified and withdrawn at the head section. The heavy bottoms are
submitted to a final stripping in the heavies column with the underflow of the washing
tower and removed at the bottom for further use or for incineration. The overheads
from the heavies treatment (acetylene and vinyl chloride) are recirculated to the
compressor suction for optimal product recovery.
 SUSTAINABILITY

The main compound needed in the process, acetylene is commonly produced

here in the Philippines. Prominent suppliers and distributors of this chemical are
Air Liquide Philippines Inc., Sugeco Chemicals, Floper Air Medical Oxygen and
Industrial Gas, and ZIG3 Industrial Gas Trading Co. Ltd. As for hydrogen chloride,
it is readily available in the Philippine market, for it is commonly used in the
production in different plants. The table below shows the estimated price of the
raw materials needed for this process and the corresponding amount.
 SUSTAINABILITY

Raw Material Amount Price

Acetylene 6.5 kg (cylinder) Php 3,561.46

Hydrogen Chloride 25 kg (cylinder) Php 508.78

Source: alibaba.com
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Component: Acetylene
Impact Impact Impact Group Impact Group
Category Category ABC Impact Group ABC Rating Numerical EF Value
Rating Rating

AT B Organisms B 0.3 0.225

ChT A Organisms

ED B Organisms

ThR B Component B 0.3

Risk

GWP C Air C 0

ODP C Air

AP C Air

POCP B Air

OD C Air

EP B Water/Soil B 0.3

OCPP B Water Soil

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Component: Chlorine
Impact Impact Impact Impact
Category Category Impact Group ABC Group EF Value
ABC Rating Group Rating Numerical
Rating
Avb C Resources C 0 0.15
CS C Grey Input C 0
CM C Grey Input
AT B Organisms B 0.3
ChT A Organisms
ED C Organisms
ThR B Component B 0.3
Risk
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Component: Hydrogen Chloride

Impact Impact Impact Impact
Category Category Impact Group ABC Group EF Value
ABC Rating Group Rating Numerical
Rating
AT A Organisms B 0.3 0.5
ChT B Organisms
ED B Organisms
ThR C Component C 0
Risk
GWP C Air B 0.3
ODP C Air
AP A Air
POCP C Air
OD B Air
EP B Water/Soil C 0
OCPP B Water/Soil
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Component: Vinyl Chloride

Impact Impact Impact Impact
Category Category Impact Group ABC Group EF Value
ABC Rating Group Rating Numerical
Rating
AT B Organisms B 0.3 0.475
ChT A Organisms
ED B Organisms
ThR A Component A 1
Risk
GWP B Air B 0.3
ODP B Air
AP B Air
POCP C Air
OD B Air
EP C Water/Soil B 0.3
OCPP B Water/Soil
 MANUFACTURABILITY

Number of Intensive Equipment

Number of Intensive Equipment for Process 2

Type of Intensive Quantity Complexity
Equipment
Reactor 2 - Requires high
pressure
Reboiler 1 - High temperature
requirement
 MANUFACTURABILITY

Process Usage in the Industry

• Qihua PVC plant in China uses this process to manufacture vinyl chloride.
 SAFETY
Toxicity Levels of Raw Materials for Process 2
CRITERIA Acetylene Hydrogen Chloride Mercury II Chloride
Severity of Immediate May cause anesthetic effects. In high Extremely hazardous by the following Causes severe skin and
Effects concentrations may cause asphyxiation route of exposure: of skin contact gastrointestinal irritation. May be fatal
by inhalation. (corrosive), of eye contact (corrosive), if absorbed by skin and swallowed.
of inhalation (lung corrosive). May cause burns to the respiratory
No adverse effect on skin. tract. Acute exposure to high
concentrations of mercury vapors
may cause severe respiratory tract
irritation.

Sensitization Level No information on the sensitization Corrosive. Corrosive.

potential of this substance was
identified.
Carcinogenicity Level No carcinogenic effect. No carcinogenic effect. Suspected of causing cancer
Reproductive Toxicity No mutagenic effect. No known mutagenic effect. Suspected of damaging fertility or the
Level No teratogenic effect. No known reproductive toxicity. unborn child
Severity of Chronic Effects No chronic health hazard. Chronic occupational exposure to Prolonged or repeated skin contact
hydrochloric acid has been reported to may cause dermatitis. Chronic
cause chronic bronchitis inhalation and ingestion may cause
effects similar to those of acute
inhalation and ingestion. May cause
reproductive and fetal effects.
 SAFETY

Toxicity Level Score of Raw Materials for Process 2

CRITERIA Acetylene Hydrogen Chloride Mercury II
Chloride
Severity of Immediate 2 2 4
Effects
Sensitization Level 0 2 4
Carcinogenicity Level 0 0 4
Reproductive Toxicity 0 0 4
Level
Severity of Chronic 0 1 4
Effects
Subtotal 2 5 20
Total 9
 SAFETY

Equipment Safety
• Reactors should be operated carefully since these are the most complicated
equipment in this process.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT

This process only has a slim chance of imposing an adverse impact in

the environment because the generated by-product HCl has been fully utilized to
react with acetylene so that liquid waste generated is zero avoiding mass
production of waste acid.
 PROCESS III

PRODUCTION OF VINYL CHLORIDE FROM

ETHYLENE VIA DIRECT ROUTES
 PROCESS DESRIPTION

The production is carried out exclusively by passing through the

1,2 dichloroethane as intermediate for the production of vinyl chloride,
chlorinating the ethylene according to direct chlorination and oxychlorination
reactions and finally performing the pyrolysis in a cracking furnace:
• 𝐶𝐻2 = 𝐶𝐻2 + 𝐶𝑙2 → 𝐶𝑙𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑙
1
• 𝐶𝐻2 = 𝐶𝐻2 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑂 → 𝐶𝑙𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑙
2 2

• 𝐶𝑙𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑙 → 𝐶𝐻2 = 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙

 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

The plant structure is made by three different reactors and two separation section for
the purification of the intermediate and of the product respectively. Ethylene is usually
split in almost equal parts and supplied to the two chlorination units, direct
chlorination and oxychlorination, where reactions and occur respectively yielding
selectively to 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC). After purification EDC is vaporised and sent
to the furnace where pyrolysis occurs. After cracking reactor the process stream is
mainly com sent to the VCM purification section where almost pure HCl and VCM are
drawn. Two main recycle streams are present: the 1,2-dichloroethane is fed back to its
purification section while hydrogen chloride is supplied to the oxy-chlorination
reactor after recovery by distillation. Furthermore, it must be evident that during
steady state operation a feed of fresh hydrogen chloride is absent and the same
pyrolysis reactor provides the entire amount of reactant required by the
oxychlorination section.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
 SUSTAINABILITY

Raw Material Amount Price

Ethylene 40 L (cylinder) Php 3,052.68

Hydrogen Chloride 25 kg (cylinder) Php 508.78

Chlorine 1 metric ton Php 51, 437

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Component: Ethylene
Impact Impact Impact Impact
Category Category Impact Group ABC Group EF Value
ABC Rating Group Rating Numerical
Rating
Avb B Resources B 0.3 0.825
CS B Grey Input A 1
CM A Grey Input
AT A Organisms A 1
ChT B Organisms
ED B Organisms
ThR A Component A 1
Risk
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Component: Chlorine
Impact Impact Impact Impact
Category Category Impact Group ABC Group EF Value
ABC Rating Group Rating Numerical
Rating
Avb C Resources C 0 0.325
CS C Grey Input C 0
CM C Grey Input
AT B Organisms A 1
ChT A Organisms
ED C Organisms
ThR B Component B 0.3
Risk
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Component: Hydrogen Chloride

Impact Impact Impact Impact
Category Category Impact Group ABC Group EF Value
ABC Rating Group Rating Numerical
Rating
AT A Organisms A 1 0.5
ChT B Organisms
ED A Organisms
ThR C Component C 0
Risk
GWP C Air A 1
ODP C Air
AP A Air
POCP C Air
OD B Air
EP B Water/Soil C 0
OCPP B Water/Soil
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Component: Vinyl Chloride

Impact Impact Impact Impact
Category Category Impact Group ABC Group EF Value
ABC Rating Group Rating Numerical
Rating
AT B Organisms A 1 0.65
ChT A Organisms
ED B Organisms
ThR A Component A 1
Risk
GWP B Air B 0.3
ODP B Air
AP B Air
POCP C Air
OD B Air
EP C Water/Soil B 0.3
OCPP B Water/Soil
 MANUFACTURABILITY

Number of Intensive Equipment

Number of Intensive Equipment for Process 3

Type of Intensive Quantity Complexity
Equipment
Reactor 3 - Requires high
pressure
Reboiler 1 - High temperature
requirement
Scrubber 1 -High cost installation
 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Process Usage in the Industry

Ethyl Corp., Goodrich, Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Monsanto,

Scientific Design and RhBne-Poulenc which are all international
industries uses this manufacturing process.
 SAFETY

Toxicity Levels of Raw Materials for Process 3

CRITERIA Ethylene Chlorine
Severity of Immediate Effects Direct contact with liquid form can Fatal if inhaled.
cause frostbite and freeze-burns in
exposed tissues. Causes severe skin burns and eye
damage.

Sensitization Level Ethylene is not known to cause skin Irritant.

or respiratory sensitization in
humans.
Carcinogenicity Level No carcinogenic effect. No carcinogenic effect.
Reproductive Toxicity Level No reproductive toxicity effects have No known mutagenic effect.
been described for Ethylene. No known reproductive toxicity.

Severity of Chronic Effects Chronic exposure to oxygen-deficient Chronic exposure may cause
atmospheres (below 18% oxygen in respiratory tract burns, skin burns, eye
air) may affect the heart and nervous burns, kidney damage, tooth erosion,
system. respiratory system effects.
 SAFETY

Toxicity Level Score of Raw Materials for Process 3

CRITERIA Ethylene Chlorine
Severity of 4 4
Immediate
Effects
Sensitization 0 4
Level
Carcinogenicity 0 0
Level
Reproductive 0 0
Toxicity Level
Severity of 3 3
Chronic Effects
Subtotal 7 11
Total 9
 SAFETY

Equipment Safety
The process includes an equipment which operates at high
temperature which ranges from 300°C-600°C and pressure which ranges from
2.0-3.0 MPa. The process also includes 3 reactors which has to be operated
carefully since these are the most complicated equipment to be used.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT

This process can impose an adverse impact on the environment due to the
incineration of the heavy by-products accounting 3% of the total production in
order to recover an aqueous HCl.
 EVALUATION SUMMARY AND SCORING OF PROCESS SELECTION

PARAMETERS PROCESS 1 PROCESS 2 PROCESS 3

Sustainability

Ethylene, hydrogen chloride

and chlorine are the main
Acetylene and hydrogen raw materials for process 3
1,2-dichloroethane is the main
chloride are the main raw which costs PHP
raw material for process 1
materials for process 2 which 65,022,426.5 per metric ton
which costs PHP 8,522,649.60
costs PHP 568,268.00 per which is the highest among
per metric ton which is higher
Cost of Raw metric ton which is the the three processes.
compared to that of process 2.
Materials lowest value among the Therefore, lowest score of
The score is 0.33. Score was
three processes. Since it 0.04 was given, which is
made by multiplying 5, being
gives the lowest cost, a made by multiplying 5 by the
the highest score, by the ratio
perfect score of 5 was given ratio of the least cost given
of the least cost given by
to it. by process 2 to that of
process 2 to that of process 1.
process 3.
 Manufacturability

Process involves three (3)

Process includes three (3) intensive equipment which is
Process includes five (5)
intensive equipment which is composed of 2 reactors and 1
intensive equipment composed
composed of 1 furnace, 1 reboiler. The process gives the
of 3 reactors, 1 reboiler and 1
reactor and 1 boiler. . A low lowest number of intensive
scrubber. A low score of 3.33
Number of score of 3.33 was given by equipment which resulted to a
was given by multiplying 5 with
Intensive Equipment multiplying 5 with the ratio of highest score of 5.00 which is
the ratio of least number of
least number of intensive made by multiplying 5 with the
intensive equipment given by
equipment given by process 2 ratio of least number of intensive
process 3 to that of process 2.
to that of process 1. equipment given by process 2 to
that of process 2.

There are three international

companies using the process
There is one international
mainly Dow Chemical and There are six international
company using the process
Hoechst Philippines Inc, Ethyl companies using the process
Process Usage in which is the Qihua PVC plant in
Corporation in Virgina, USA, B.F mainly Ethyl Corp., Goodrich,
Industry China . A score of 0.83 was given,
Goodrich in Charlotte, North Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals,
Number of which is made by multiplying 5
Carolina and Wacker. A score of Monsanto, Scientific Design and
Manufacturing with the ratio of 1 international
2.50 was given, which is made RhBne-Poulenc. This leads as
Companies Using companies of process 1 to that
by multiplying 5 with the ratio the process 2 having the
the Process of 6 international company of
of 3 international companies of highest number of
process 3.
process 1 to that of 6 international company with a
international company of highest score of 5
process 3.
 Safety

Raw materials give higher

health hazard level
compared to that of
Raw materials give the lowest
process 2 with a mark of Raw materials give the
level of health hazard with a
Health Hazards of 10. Therefore, a score of highest level of health
mark of 9. Therefore, a
Raw Materials 4.50 was given to it, which hazard with a mark of 9.
perfect score of 5 was given
is made by multiplying 5 Therefore, a perfect score
to it.
with the ratio of the mark of 5 was given to it.
of process 2 to that of
process 1.

An equipment operates at
An equipment operates at
an average of 450°C so it
an average of 525°C, so it
was given the lowest score
was given the lower score An equipment operates at an
of 1.56 which is made by
of 1.33 which is made by average of 175◦C. The
multiplying 4 with the ratio
Operating multiplying 4 with the ratio process gives the lowest
of lowest operating
Temperature of lowest operating operating temperature so it
temperature given by
temperature given by was given the highest score
process 2 to that of
process 2 to that of which is 4 because it can’t
process 3.
process 1. guarantee 100% safeness.

An equipment operates at
an average of 2.5 MPa. , So An equipment operates at
it was given the lower 2.5 MPa. It was given a
An equipment operates at
score of 0.32 which is made score of 0.32 which is made
Operating 0.2MPa so it was given a
by multiplying 4 with the by multiplying 4 with the
Pressure score of 4 because it can’t
ratio of lowest operating ratio of lowest operating
guarantee 100% safeness.
pressure given by process 2 pressure given by process 2
to that of process 1. to that of process 3.
 Environmental Aspect

Based on the Material

Based on the Material
Safety Data Sheet, raw
Based on the Material Safety Data Sheet, raw
materials , raw material
Environmental Hazards Safety Data Sheet, raw materials give a
gives a relatively low
of Raw Materials material has a moderate relatively low level of
level of environmental
effect in the environment environmental hazard
hazard giving a score of
giving a score of 1. giving a score of 5.
5.

For the description of scores and weight criteria is the following:

Range of Scores and Distribution of Weight: 1 – 5
5 – Highest score (excellent) gives great factor in the evaluation
1 – Lowest score (poor), gives least factor in the evaluation
 SCORESHEET

SCORE SCORE X WEIGHT OVERALL SCORE

ATTRIBUTES WEIGHT
P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3
SUSTAINABILITY
Cost of Raw
4 0.33 5 0.04 1.32 20 0.16 1.32 20 0.16
Materials
MANUFACTURABILITY
Number of
Intensive Equip 3.33 5 3.33 13.32 20 13.32
ment

Process Usage in
Industry 4 11.66 11.66 16.66
(Number of
2.5 0.83 5 10 3.32 20
Manufacturing
Companies Using
the Process)

SAFETY

Health Hazards
4.5 5.00 5.00 18 20 20
of Raw Materials

Operating 4 8.2 17.33 9.17

1.33 4.00 1.56 5.32 16 6.24
Temperature
Operating
0.32 4.00 0.32 1.28 16 1.28
Pressure
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT
Environmental
Hazards of Raw 4 1 5 5 4 20 20 4 20 20
Materials

TOTAL 37 25.18 68.99 45.99

Conclusion
From the score sheet, it can be seen that process 2 which is the Production of
Vinyl Chloride from Hydrochlorination of Acetylene Process is the most viable
method to be used. All of its raw materials are readily available in the country.