Naming of Compounds

I. Law of Conservation of Matter

II. Law of Definite Proportion
III. Law of Multiple Proportion
IV. Dalton’s Atomic Theory
V. Atomic number
VI. Mass number
VII. Isotope
VIII.Atom
IX. Molecule
X. Ion
XI. Chemical formula
XII. Molecular formula
XIII.Empirical 2
LAWS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE
I.Law of Conservation of Mass
II. Law of Definite Proportion
III. Law of Multiple Proportion

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LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
In a chemical reaction, no change in
mass takes place.
The total mass of the products is equal
to the total mass of the reactant.
Antoine Lavoisier, a brilliant French
chemist, formulated this law by
describing one of his experiments
involving mercuric oxide.
4
He placed a small amount of mercuric oxide, a
red solid, inside a retort and sealed the vessel
tightly.
He weighed the system, and then subjected it
to high temperature. During the heating, the
red solid turned into a silvery liquid. This
observation indicated that a chemical
reaction took place.
After which, the setup was cooled and then
weighed. The weight of the system was
found to be the same 5as before heating.
6
I. How many grams of water will be formed if 1.00 g
hydrogen gas reacts with 8.00 g oxygen? The
reaction can be represented by the following word
equation:
hydrogen + oxygen water
II. 5.58 g iron reacted with 3.21 g sulfur. How many
grams of iron (II) sulfide were produced?
The reaction involved was:
iron + sulfur iron(II) sulfide

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III. Magnesium burns in air to form magnesium
oxide, represented by the following word equation:
magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxides
When 2.43 g magnesium was burned, 4.03 g
magnesium oxide was produced. How many grams
of oxygen reacted with the magnesium?
IV. Ammonia is produced by the reaction of
nitrogen with hydrogen:
nitrogen + hydrogen ammonia
How many grams of nitrogen combined with 50.0g
hydrogen is needed to yield 283.3 g ammonia?
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Law of Definite Proportion

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 Law of Definite Proportion
• A compound always contains the same
constituent elements in a fixed or
definite proportion by mass.
If water samples coming from different
sources are analyzed, all the samples will
contain the same ratio by mass of
hydrogen to oxygen.
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Magnesium burns brightly
in air and reacts with
oxygen. During the
reaction, the gray
powder turns into a white
substance. The reaction
causes the weight of the
solid to increase.

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 THE FOLLOWING DATA WERE COLLECTED

RATIO OF
WEIGHT OF
MASS
OXYGEN
WEIGHTS OF WEIGHT OF OF OXYGEN
COMBINED
MAGNESIUM PRODUCT TO
WITH
MASS OF
MAGNESIUM
MAGNESIUM

3.00 7.56 4.56 1.52

5.00 12.60 7.60 1.52

7.00 17.64 10.64 1.52

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 Sample problems:

I. In the first problem given earlier, it was given that

1.00 g hydrogen combines with 8.00 g
oxygen. How many grams of hydrogen will react
with 10.00 g oxygen?

Solution:
w H = 10.0g x 1.00g H = 1.25 g
8.00g O

13
II. In the previous set of problem, it was seen that
5.58 g iron reacted with 3.21 g sulfur.
Based on this information, calculate how many
grams of iron will combine with 80.0 g
Sulfur:
Solution

w Fe = 80.0g S x 5. 58g S = 139 g

3.21g Fe

14
 Law of Multiple Proportions
If two elements can combine to form more
than one compound, the masses of one
element that will combine with a fixed mass
of the other element are in a ratio of small
whole numbers.

15
This law applies in the example of carbon
which reacts with oxygen to form carbon
monoxide and carbon dioxide.
• In carbon monoxide, 1.00 g carbon
combines with 1.33 g oxygen; whereas, in
carbon dioxide, 1.00 g carbon combines
with 2.66 g oxygen.
• It can be seen that the ratio is 1:2.

16
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Proposed by John Dalton, can be used
to explain the laws of chemical change.

17
1. Elements are made up of very small particles
known as atoms.

2. All the atoms of an element are identical in

mass and size, and are different from the
atoms of another element.

18
Dalton used the different shapes or figures to
represent different elements, as follows:

oxygen hyrogen carbon nitrogen sulfur Phosphuros

19
3. Compounds are composed of atoms more
than one element combined in definite ratios
with whole number values.

Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Nitrogen oxide

20
4. During chemical reaction, atoms combine,
separate or rearrange. No atoms are created and
no atoms disappear.

Carbon Oxygen Carbon dioxide

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ATOMIC PARTICLES

22
• Atomic number = number of protons =
number of electrons in a neutral atom

• Mass number = number of protons + number

of neutrons

23
 Isotopes
– atoms of an element having the same
atomic number but different mass number.
The existence of isotopes was shown by
mass spectroscopy experiments, wherein
elements were found to be composed of
several types of atoms, each with different
masses.

24
• The atomic number identifies an
element. The atoms of isotopes of an
element have the same number of protons
and electrons.

• The atoms of isotopes of an element

differ in the number of neutrons.

25
 ATOMS

combine to form loss or gain electrons

to form

molecules ions

26
 ATOMS

gain of electrons loss electrons

Cations Anions
(Positive Ions) (Negative ions)

27
 ATOM

+ electrons - electrons

_
+
CATIONS ANIONS

28
Ions can be made up of only one
atom (monoatomic) or
more than one type of atom
(polyatomic).

29
Monoatomic ions are named based on the element.
• For cations, the name of the element is
unchanged. If an element can form two ions of
different charges, the name, which is usually
derived from its Latin name, is modified by the
suffix –ic for the ion with the higher charge, and –
ous for that with the lower charge.
• For anions, the name of the element is modified by
the suffix –ide.

30
Name of cations:
• Zn2+ – zinc ion
• Mg2+ – magnesium ion
• K+ – potassium ion
• Fe2+ – ferrous ion or iron (II) ion
• Fe3+ – ferric ion or iron(III) ion

Name of ions:
• Br – bromide ion
• S2 – sulfide ion
• O2 – oxide ion
• I – iodide

31
Several anions are polyatomic and are named based
on the atomic constituents and the suffix
– ide.
The most common examples are:
• OH – hydroxide ion
• CN – cyanide ion

32
A number of polyatomic anions containing oxygen atoms
are named based on the root word of the central (or non-
oxygen) atom and the suffix –ate for the one with more
oxygen atoms and –ite for the one with less oxygen atom.

• 𝑵𝑶𝟑 – nitrate ion

• 𝑵𝑶𝟐 – nitrite ion
• 𝑺𝑶𝟑 ² – sulfite ion
• 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ²– sulfate ion
• 𝑷𝑶𝟒 𝟑 – phosphate ion

33
Some anions have common names ending with the
suffix –ate.
• 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟑 – acetate ion
• 𝑪𝟐 𝑶𝟒 ²– oxalate ion
The composition of a molecule or an ion can be represented
by a chemical formula. The formula consists of the symbols
of the atoms making up the molecule. If there is more than
one atom present, a numerical subscript is used.
Examples are the following:
• 𝑶𝟐 – oxygen gas
• 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 – water
• NaOH – sodium hydroxide (liquid Sosa)
• HCl – hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid)
34
Molecular formula – gives the composition of the molecule, in
terms of the actual number of atoms present.
Examples are the following:
- C6H12O6
- K3PO4
- Na2C2O4
Empirical formula – gives the composition of the molecule, in
terms of the smallest ratio of the number of atoms present.
Examples are the following:

- CH2O
- NaCO2

35
The naming of compounds follows a set of rules.
Binary compounds – made up of two elements.
The rules for naming in two groups of binary
compounds.
• Ionic compounds – made up of a cation and an anion.
They are named by giving the name of the cation first,
followed by the name of the anion.

NaI – sodium iodide

MgCl2 – magnesium chloride
FeS – iron (II) sulfide
K2O – potassium oxide

36
• Molecular compounds – made up of two non-
metals. They are named by giving the name of
the first nonmetal and then that of the second
nonmetal modified by the ending -ide.
Molecular compounds are usually gases.

HCl - hydrogen chloride

CO2 - carbon dioxide
SO3 - sulfur trioxide

37
Ternary compounds – made up of three elements.
The naming of ternary compounds follows the
same rule as that of the binary ionic compound:
the name of the cation is given first, followed by
the name of the anion.

NaNO3 - sodium nitrate

BaCrO4 - barium chromate
K2SO4 - potassium sulfate

38
Acids – yield hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions.
Binary acids – composed of hydrogen and another element,
usually a nonmetal. The first part of the name starts with the
prefix hydro- followed by the name of the element, modified
by the ending –ic. The second part consists of the word
‘acid’.

Name = hydro- (root name of element) -ic + acid

HCl – hydrochloric acid

H2S – hydrosulfuric acid
HI - hydroiodic acid

39
Ternary acids – made up of hydrogen and an anion,
usually containing oxygen. The first part of the name
consists of the root word of the name of the element,
modified by the ending – ic. The second part consists of the
word ‘acid’. If there is another acid with the same atoms, the
suffix –ous is used to denote the one with less number of
atoms.
Name = (root name of element) -ic (or –ous) + acid
HNO3 – nitric acid
HNO2 – nitrous acid
H2SO4 – sulfuric acid
H2SO3 – sulfurous acid
H3PO4 - phosphoric acid
40
 Formula of the Compound.
In writing the formula, the total positive charges
of the cations should be equal to the total of the
negative charges of the anion. The net charge
should be zero.
Silver nitrate – AgNO3
Potassium iodide – KI
Nitrogen dioxide – NO2
Barium chloride – BaCl2
Hydrobromic acid – HBr

41
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