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Elasticity II

The elastic moduli of ceramics are strongly dependent on porosity. The Watchman and Mackenzie empirical model shows that porosity has an effect on Young's modulus approximately double the volume of pores. Microcracks also reduce Young's modulus according to models by Salganik and O'Connell & Budiansky. Glassy and amorphous materials exhibit viscoelasticity where strain is time dependent due to atomic displacement under constant load. The viscosity and fluidity of polymers is related to activation energy and temperature.

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60 views30 pages

Elasticity II

The elastic moduli of ceramics are strongly dependent on porosity. The Watchman and Mackenzie empirical model shows that porosity has an effect on Young's modulus approximately double the volume of pores. Microcracks also reduce Young's modulus according to models by Salganik and O'Connell & Budiansky. Glassy and amorphous materials exhibit viscoelasticity where strain is time dependent due to atomic displacement under constant load. The viscosity and fluidity of polymers is related to activation energy and temperature.

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HarshanaTharindu
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Chapter 2

Elasticity and Viscoelasticity


Effect of Porosity on Young’s Modulus

The elastic moduli of ceramics are strongly dependent on porosity.

Watchman and Mackenzie E  E0 (1  f1  f 2 2 )

(empirical) : f1  1.9, f 2  0.9


Effect of Porosity Comparison with Law of Mixtures

From law of mixtures.

From Watchman Mackenzie.

f1  1.9, f 2  0.9

Comparing the two:

The physical significance of Mac Kenzie’s equation is that porosity has an


effect of E equal to approximately double the volume of pores.
Effect of Microcracks on Young’s Modulus
Effect of Microcracks on Young’s Modulus

Salganik model
E
 [1  1.63 Na 3 ]1
E0

O’connell & Budiansky model


E
 1  1.63 Na 3
E0
Young’s Modulus of Polymers
Young’s Modulus of Polymers as a Function
of Temperature
Viscoelasticity

Glasses or amorphous materials show the phenomenon of time dependent strain,


called viscoelasticity or anelasticity.

It is due to a continuous displacement of atoms or molecules taking place


with time at a constant load.

n = 0: plastic
n = 1: linear viscous (Newtonian)
n ≠1 : nonlinear    n
Viscosity and Fluidity

Viscosity
Q
  A exp( )
RT
Q = activation energy for the atomic/molecular process responsible for the viscosity,

Fluidity

1

Viscoelasticity

e  e0 exp[i ( t )]
   0 exp[i ( t   )]
 0 0
E   exp i  (cos   i sin  )
e e0 e0
 E ' iE "
Viscoelasticity

Tensile storage modulus 0


E' cos 
e0
0
E"  sin 
Tensile loss modulus e0
Rubber Elasticity

  nKT [12  11 ]


l1
1 
l0
Rubber Elasticity

The first law of thermodynamics says that the internal energy of a system is given
by

for a reversible process, we can write, from the second law of thermodynamics

For conditions of constant temperature and volume, we can write

For such polymers, one can write an expression for the entropy of the form, where
p is the probability of finding a particular chain configuration
The tensile force applied to the rubber cube in direction 1 leads to draw ratios λ1,
λ2,andλ3along directions 1, 2, and 3, respectively

number of configurations available to a stretched polymer is less than the number of


configuratons available to an unstretched polymer, i.e. the entropy is reduced on
stretching

Let the end-to-end distance of a chain be r1

Assuming that the polymer chain follows ‘‘random walk” statistics, it can be shown
that the distribution of lengths,r, follows a Gaussian distribution.
Stress-Strain Behavior of Biological Materials

(a) Stress–strain response of human vena cava: circles-loading;


squares-unloading. (Adapted from Y. C. Fung, Biomechanics (New York:
Springer, 1993),p. 366.)
(b) Representation of mechanical response in terms of tangent modulus (slope
of stress–strain curve) vs. stress. (Adapted from Y. C. Fung. Biomechanics,
New York: Springer,1993), p. 329.)
Residual Stresses in Arteries
Cartilage
Mesostructure of Cartilage

(a) Mesostructure of cartilage (consisting of four zones) showing differences in


structure as a function of distance from surface; the bone attachment is at bottom.
(From G. L. Lucas, F. W. Cooke, and E. A. Friis, A Primer on Biomechanics (New
York: Springer, 1999), p. 273.)
(b) Cross-section of human cartilage showing regions drawn schematically in (a).
(Courtesy of K. D. Jadin and R. I. Sah.)
Mechanical Behavior of Superficial Zone of Cartilage

Stress–strain curve for samples from the superficial zone of articular cartilage. Samples
were cut parallel and perpendicular to collagen fiber orientation. (From G. E. Kempson,
Mechanical Properties of Articular Cartilage. In Adult Articular Cartilage, ed. M. A. R.
Freeman (London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons Ltd., 1973), pp. 171–228.)
Mechanical Testing of DNA
Force vs. Extension for DNA Molecule
Stresses in a Thin Film

Effect of stresses in a thin film on bending of substrate; (a) tensile stresses


in thin film; (b) compressive stresses in thin film.
Elastic Constant and Bonding

Two atoms with an imaginary spring between them; (a) equilibrium position; (b) stretched
configuration under tensile force; (c) compressed configuration under compressive force.
Attraction and Repulsion between Two Atoms

(a) Interaction energies (attractive and repulsive terms) as a function of separation;

(b) Force between two atoms as a function of separation; slope decreases as separation increases .

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