BIOLOGY

Chapter 38: pp. 701 - 716 10th Edition

Sylvia S. Mader
Sense Organs
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(Both): Courtesy of The Virginia Bloodhound Search and Rescue Association

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 1
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Outline
 Chemical Senses
 Taste
 Smell
 Sense of Vision
 Human Eye
 Focusing
 Photoreceptors

 Sense of Hearing
 Sense of Balance
2
Chemical Senses

 Sensory receptors responsible for taste

and smell are termed chemoreceptors
 Chemoreception is found almost
universally in animals
 Thought to be most primitive sense

3
Sense of Taste

 In humans, taste buds are located

primarily on the tongue
 Taste buds open at a taste pore
 Have supporting cells and elongated taste
cells that end in microvilli
 Four primary tastes
 Bitter, sour, salty, sweet
 Taste buds for each are concentrated on the
tongue in particular regions

4
Taste Buds in Humans

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tonsils epiglottis sensory nerve fiber supporting cell taste pore

10 µm
papillae

taste bud connective tissue taste cell microvilli

a. Tongue b. Papillae c. Taste buds d. One taste bud
b(All): © Omikron/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

5
Sense of Smell

 Sense of taste and smell

 Work together to create a combined effect
 Interpreted by the cerebral cortex

 Dependent on olfactory cells

 Located within olfactory epithelium
 In the roof of the nasal cavity

 Nerve fibers from olfactory cells lead to

neuron in the olfactory bulb

6
Olfactory Cell Location and Anatomy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

olfactory bulb neuron olfactory tract

frontal lobe of
cerebral hemisphere

olfactory bulb

olfactory epithelium

nasal cavity

odor
molecules sensory
nerve fibers

olfactory
epithelium

a.

supporting olfactory
cell cell
olfactory cilia of
b. olfactory cell
odor molecules

7
Sense of Vision

 Photoreceptors are light sensory

receptors
 Photoreceptors generate nerve impulses
which pass to the brain by way of optic nerve
fibers
 Arthropods
 Eyes are compound
 Insects have limited color vision

8
Compound Eye

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Compound cornea
eye
crystalline cone

photoreceptor
cells

pigment
cells

optic
nerve
fibers
Fly head Ommatidium
© Farley Bridges

9
Nectar Guides
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nectar guides

(Both): © Heather Angel/Natural Visions

10
Sense of Vision

 Vertebrates and certain molluscs have a

camera-type eye
 Single lens focuses an image of the visual
field on closely-packed photoreceptors

11
The Human Eye

 Three Layers
 Sclera - Opaque outer layer
 Fibrous layer
 Choroid - Thin middle layer
 Iris regulates size of pupil
 Retina - Inner layer
 Contains rod cells and cone cells

12
Anatomy of the Human Eye
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

sclera
choroid
retina

ciliary body
retinal blood
vessels
lens

iris
optic nerve
pupil
fovea centralis
cornea

posterior compartment anterior

filled with vitreous humor compartment
filled with
aqueous humor
retina suspensory
ligament
choroid
sclera

13
Focusing the Eye

 Light rays pass through the pupil and are

focused on the retina
 Focusing starts at the cornea and
continues as rays pass through the lens
and humor
 Shape of lens is controlled by ciliary muscles
 Distant Object - Muscles Relaxed
 Near Object - Muscles Contracted

14
Focusing the Eye

 With normal aging, the lens loses its ability

to accommodate for near objects
 Also may make lens subject to cataracts
 Nearsighted
 Elongated eyeball - Wear concave lenses
 Farsighted
 Shortened eyeball - Wear convex lenses

15
Functions of the Parts of the Eye

16
Focusing of the Human Eye
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ciliary muscle relaxed

lens flattened

light rays

suspensory ligament taut

a. Focusing on
distant object

ciliary body

ciliary muscle contracted

lens rounded

b. Focusing on suspensory ligament relaxed

near object

17
Common Abnormalities of the Eye with
Possible Corrective Lenses
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normal
eyeball

Long eyeball; rays focus in front of Concave lens allows subject

retina when viewing distant objects. to see distant objects.
a. Nearsightedness

normal
eyeball

Short eyeball; rays focus behind Convex lens allows subject

retina when viewing close objects. to see close objects.
b. Farsightedness

Uneven cornea; Uneven lens allows subject

rays do not focus evenly. to see objects clearly.

c. Astigmatism

18
Photoreceptors of the Eye
 Both rods and cones have an outer segment
joined to an inner segment
 Pigment molecules are embedded in
membrane of disks in the outer segment
 Rhodopsin
 Rods permit vision in low light
 Peripheral vision and motion
 Cones permit vision in bright light
 Fine detail and color
19
Photoreceptors in the Eye

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ion
membrane of disk
channels
close

rod cell light

rays
outer segment
cone cell
ion channels
in plasma
membrane

retinal
inner segment
cell body

opsin
nucleus
synaptic membrane Rhodopsin molecule
vesicles synaptic endings of disk (opsin + retinal)
20 µm
© Lennart Nilsson, from The Incredible Machine

20
Integration of Visual Signals in the Retina

 Retina has three layers of neurons

 Layer closest to choroid contains rod and cone
cells
 Middle layer contains bipolar cells

 Innermost layer contains ganglion cells

 Synaptic integration and processing

 Begin in the retina
 Then impulses are sent to the brain

21
Structure and Function of the Retina
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

sclera

choroid

rod cell
and cone
cell layer

choroid

bipolar
retina cell layer

optic
nerve
ganglion
cell layer

axons of b. Micrograph of retina

ganglion cells
blind
spot
to optic nerve
light rays

a. Location of retina
b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.

22
Sense of Hearing and Balance
 Anatomy of the Ear
 Outer ear - Pinna and auditory canal
 Middle ear begins at tympanic membrane and
ends at oval and round windows
 Ossicles found between tympanic membrane and the
windows
 Auditory tube (eustachian tube) extends from middle ear
to nasopharynx
 Inner ear has three areas
 Semicircular canals
 Vestibule
 Cochlea

23
Anatomy of the Human Ear
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear

stapes semicircular canals

incus
malleus
vestibule

vestibular
nerve
pinna

cochlear
nerve

tympanic cochlea
membrane
auditory
canal

round window auditory

earlobe tube

24
Process of Hearing
 Sound waves enter the auditory canal
 Strike tympanic membrane, causing it to
vibrate
 Malleus takes pressure from inner surface of
tympanic membrane
 Passes it to the stapes, multiplying the
pressure along the way
 Stapes strikes membrane of oval window,
passing pressure to fluid within cochlea

25
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Process of Hearing

 Spiral Organ, hair cells of cochlear canal,

synapse with nerve fibers of cochlear nerve
 Mechanoreceptors for sound are the hair
cells of cochlear canal
 Sound causes basilar membrane to vibrate
 The stereocilia of the hair cells bend

 Stimulates nerve cells leading to the auditory

center

27
Mechanoreceptors for Hearing
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semicircular
canals

cochlea

stapes

oval window

round window

vestibular
canal

cochlear
canal

tympanic
canal
cochlear
nerve

Cochlea cross section

tectorial membrane

stereocilia

basilar
membrane

hair cell

tympanic
cochlear nerve canal
Organ of Corti

Stereocilia 2 µm

28
Sense of Balance
 Mechanoreceptors of rotational equilibrium are
in semicircular canals
 Detect rotational and/or angular movements of the
head
 Maintain rotational equilibrium
 Cupula
 Mechanoreceptors of gravitational equilibrium
are in the utricle and saccule
 Detect straight-line movements of the head in any
direction
 Maintain gravitational equilibrium
 Otolithic Membrane

29
Mechanoreceptors for Equilibrium
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receptor in ampulla endolymph

semicircular
canals
vestibular nerve

ampullae

cochlea

utricle
saccule

endolymph

cupula
otoliths
stereocilia

otolithic
hair cell
membrane

hair cell
supporting cell
supporting
vestibular nerve cell
vestibular
nerve

flow of endolymph

flow of otolithic
membrane

kinocilium

stereocilia

a. Rotational equilibrium: receptors in ampullae of semicircular canal b.Gravitational equilibrium: receptors in utricle and saccule of vestibule

30
Sensory Receptors in Other Animals

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skin water scale external opening

hair cells cilia

hair cupula lateral line lateral line

cell nerve canal

a. dendrites
of sensory
statolith
neurons

b.

31
Review
 Chemical Senses
 Taste
 Smell
 Sense of Vision
 Human Eye
 Focusing
 Photoreceptors

 Sense of Hearing
 Sense of Balance
32
 BIOLOGY
Chapter 38: pp. 701 - 716 10th Edition

Sylvia S. Mader
Sense Organs
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(Both): Courtesy of The Virginia Bloodhound Search and Rescue Association

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 33
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display