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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering - 290848

This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It discusses the relationship between the structure and properties of materials and how materials scientists study this. It also describes how materials engineers design new materials based on existing ones to achieve desired properties. The document outlines the microscopic and macroscopic structures of materials and explains how structure determines properties, which are grouped into mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, magnetic and deteriorative categories. It also classifies materials into metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors and biomaterials.

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DenzelDiwata
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34 views

Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering - 290848

This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It discusses the relationship between the structure and properties of materials and how materials scientists study this. It also describes how materials engineers design new materials based on existing ones to achieve desired properties. The document outlines the microscopic and macroscopic structures of materials and explains how structure determines properties, which are grouped into mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, magnetic and deteriorative categories. It also classifies materials into metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors and biomaterials.

Uploaded by

DenzelDiwata
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Materials

Science and Engineering


Introduction
Material Science
Involves determining the relationship between the
structures and properties of materials
A material scientist tries to determine the relationship
of material properties to the response of the material
For example, what is the relationship between the
pressure and temperature of a material?
Materials Engineering
Study on the process of creating or designing a new
material based on an existing material with similar
properties
Materials Engineer
Tries to create a new material with the desired
properties based on an existing material with similar
properties
For example, car window glasses previously breaks
into splinters causing severe injury. To make the glass
safer, the glass is tempered by increasing its internal
stress such that when broken, will crumble into
granular chunks
Microscopic vs. Macroscopic
Microscopic structure is defined as the material
structure that can be seen with microscopes such as
 Optical microscope
 Scanning electron microscope
 Atomic force microscope

Macroscopic structure is defined as structures that can


be seen by unaided eye
Structure of a Material
The structure of a material usually relates to the
arrangement of its internal components.
For example, materials are composed of atoms that
may have specific atomic configuration (e.g. crystalline
or noncrystalline)
Properties of a Material
Defined as the characteristic of a material that
differentiate it from other materials. It is independent
on its size and shape
Material properties are grouped into six:
 Mechanical
 Electrical
 Thermal

 Optical
 Magnetic

 Deteriorative
Mechanical properties relate deformation to an
applied load or force
Electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity
and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field
Thermal behavior of solids can be represented in
terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity
Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a
material to the application of a magnetic field.
Optical properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic or
light radiation
Deteriorative characteristics relate to the chemical
reactivity of materials.
Four Components of Materials
The structure of a material depends on how it is made
or processed while the performance of the material
depends on its properties. The four components of a
material are interrelated:
For example, even though graphite and diamond are
made up of carbon atoms, they are processed
differently to produce a different material
Why Study Materials?
For the engineer and scientist, it is necessary to study
materials to enable to select the necessary material for
a specific purpose
Usually there is a tradeoff between one characteristic
to another
For example, a ductile material have limited strength
and vice versa. Therefore, as an engineer, it is necessary
not only to know the right specifications but also the
limitation induced by the increased performance of
the material
Deterioration of material property is also important.
For example, if you have a beach house, you need to
determine if the roof of the house is highly resistant to
corrosive attack. Note that salt is corrosive that can
shorten the lifetime of your roof
You need to have basic knowledge about the economic
consideration of creating or replacing traditional
materials
For example, solar panels are very effective in
replacing electrical sources but they are very
expensive. Return of investment will usuall be around
15 years.
Buying expensive leather shoes might be cheaper in
the long run compared with buying cheaper synthetic
leather shoes
The more familiar you are with the various
characteristics and structure–property relationships,
as well as processing techniques of materials, the more
proficient and confident you will be to make judicious
materials choices based on these criteria.
Classification of Materials
Basic Classification
Metals
Polymers
Ceramics
Advance Materials
Composites
Semiconductors
Biomaterials
Metals
Metals includes Cu, Fe, Al, Zn
Metallic alloys includes small amounts of
nonmetalllic materials such as carbon, nitrogen
and oxygen
In terms of density, metals are denser than
ceramics and polymers.
Bar-chart of room temperature density values for various
metals, ceramics, polymers, and composite materials
Bar-chart of room temperature stiffness
Bar-chart of room temperature
strength
Bar-chart of room-temperature resistance
to fracture
Bar-chart of room temperature
electrical conductivity ranges
Ceramics
Ceramics are compounds between metallic and
nonmetallic elements
They are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides
Examples includes:
Porcelain
Glass
Tiles
Alumina
Silica
Ceramics are relatively stiff , strong and hard
However, they are brittle and easy to fracture
Insulators and more resistant to heat and harsh
environment compared with metals and polymers
Polymers
Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber
materials
Chemically based on carbon, hydrogen and other
nonmetallic elements like oxygen, nitrogen and silicon
Examples are
Polyethylene
Nylon
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Polystyrene (styrofoam)
Rubber
Polymers usually have low densities
Not stiff nor as strong as ceramics and metals
Ductile and pliable
Inert and unreactive to most harsh environment
One major drawback of polymers is its low melting
temperature
Knowledge Application
What are the Pros and Cons in the container of most
carbonated drinks?
There are 3 kinds of containers used in most
carbonated drinks:
Glass bottles (Ceramics)
Plastic bottles (Polymer)
Aluminum cans (Metal)
Glass bottles have the following advantages:
Can able to store the carbon dioxide in the beverage for
longer times
Cheaper than Aluminum cans
The disadvantage is it can easily breaks and heavier
than the other containers
Aluminum cans are lighter and quickly cools. It can
easily be recycled and can paint the surface. However,
it is more expensive
Plastic containers are relatively cheaper than
aluminum cans but can only store the carbon dioxide
at shorter times
Composites
Composite is composed of two (or more) individual
materials, which come from either metals, ceramics,
and polymers
Examples are:
Fiberglass or Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)
 Composed of glass fibers in epoxy or polyester
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)
 Carbon fiber in epoxy or polyester . Better than fiberglass but
more expensive

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