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FS2 - Distance Correction

This document discusses various types of corrections that must be made when measuring distances using tapes, including corrections for incorrect tape length, slope, temperature variations, tension/pull, sag, wind, and their combined effects. It provides examples of calculating corrections for each of these factors individually and combined. Some key points covered include determining the horizontal distance from an inclined slope measurement, calculating corrections due to changes in temperature and tension, and finding the tension required to make a tape equal its nominal length when supported only at endpoints.

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nonononoway
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© © All Rights Reserved
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3K views

FS2 - Distance Correction

This document discusses various types of corrections that must be made when measuring distances using tapes, including corrections for incorrect tape length, slope, temperature variations, tension/pull, sag, wind, and their combined effects. It provides examples of calculating corrections for each of these factors individually and combined. Some key points covered include determining the horizontal distance from an inclined slope measurement, calculating corrections due to changes in temperature and tension, and finding the tension required to make a tape equal its nominal length when supported only at endpoints.

Uploaded by

nonononoway
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PLANE &

HIGHER
SURVEYING

DISTANCE CORRECTION
 Types of Correction
 Incorrect Tape Length
 Temperature Variations
 Slope Corrections
 Sag and Tension Corrections
 Combined Taping Corrections
 Errors in Taping
 Taping Precision
DISTANCE CORRECTION

TYPES OF CORRECTION
1. Incorrect tape length
2. Slope
3. Alignment
4. Temperature variations
5. Pull / Tension
6. Sag
7. Wind
8. Combined correction
𝑒 =𝑙 −𝐿
a. Measuring a
Line I. ERRONEOUS
LENGTH OF TAPE
𝑀
𝑇=𝑀± 𝑒
𝐿
b. Laying out a
Line EXAMPLE:
𝑀
𝑇=𝑀± 𝑒
𝐿 A steel tape whose nominal length (standard) length is
supposed to be 50.0 m was found to be 49.75 m when
compared with the invar tape during standardization. If the
tape is to be used in laying out a 502.50 m by 863.25 m
rectangular lot, what dimensions should be laid out?

Invar tapes are available in lengths of 20, 30 and 100 meters. Invar tapes are used whey
high degree of accuracy and precision in linear measurements is required such as
measurement of base lines. Invar tapes are made of alloys of nickel and steel and have very
low coefficient of thermal expansion. Invar tapes are more expensive as compared to other
tapes.
𝑪𝒉 = 𝒔 − 𝒅

𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
ℎ
100%
II. CORRECTION DUE
TO SLOPE
𝑑

Slope Correction
Formulas (Ch)
1. Gentle Slope (s < EXAMPLE:
20%) Slope distance AB and BC measures 330.49 m & 660.97 m,
ℎ2
𝐶ℎ = respectively. The differences in elevation are 12.22 m for point
2𝑠 A & B, and 10.85 m for B & C. Using the approximate slope
2. Steep Slope (20%
≤ s < 30%) correction for gentle slopes, determine the horizontal length of
ℎ2 ℎ4 line ABC. Assume that line AB has a rising slope and BC has a
𝐶ℎ = + 3 falling slope.
2𝑠 8𝑠
3. Very Steep Slope
(s ≥ 30%)
𝐶ℎ = 𝑠 1 − cos 𝜃
IV. CORRECTION DUE
TO TEMPERATURE
EXAMPLE:
A 30 m steel tape is of standard length @ 20°C. If the
coefficient of thermal expansion of steel 11.6 x 10-6/°C, what
distance should be laid-out using this tape to establish two
point exactly 1234.5 m apart when tape is @ 29°C.

𝑪𝒕 = 𝒌𝑳 (𝑻 − 𝑻𝒐 )
IV. CORRECTION DUE
𝑊
𝐴=
𝐿(𝑈𝑤 ) TO TENSION/PULL
(𝑷 − 𝑷𝒐 ) EXAMPLE:
𝑪𝒑 = 𝑳 A 30 m steel tape weighing 1.45 kg is of standard length under a
𝑨𝑬
pull of 5 kg. supported for full length. The tape was used in
measuring a line 938.55m long on a smooth level ground under
a steady pull of 10 kg. Assuming E = 2.0 x 106 kg/cm2 and the
unit weight of steel be 7.9 x 10-3 kg/cm3. Determine,
a. Cross sectional area of the tape
b. Correction for increase in tension (total)
c. Correct length of the line measured
VI. CORRECTION DUE
TO SAG
EXAMPLE:

𝒘 𝟐 𝑳𝟑 A 50 m steel tape weighing 0.04 kg/m and is supported at its


𝑪𝒔 = endpoints and at the 8-m and 25-m marks. If the pull of 6 kg is
𝟐𝟒𝑷𝟐 applied, determine the following:
or
a. Correction due to sag between the 0-m & 8-m mark, 8-m &
𝑾𝟐 𝑳 25-m mark and 25-m & 50-m marks
𝑪𝒔 =
𝟐𝟒𝑷𝟐 b. Correction due to sag for one tape length
c. Correct distance between the ends of the tape
VII. CORRECTION DUE
TO WIND
EXAMPLE:
A steel tape weighing 0.85 kg has a cross-sectional area of
0.05cm2. The tape measures exactly 30 m when supported
throughout its length under a standard pull of 5.5 kg. If the
modulus of elasticity is 2.10 x 106 kg/cm2, determine the
tension required to make the tape equal to its nominal length
when supported only at the end points.

𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝑾 𝑨𝑬
𝑷𝑵 =
𝑷𝑵 − 𝑷𝒔
VIII. COMBINED
CORRECTION
EXAMPLE:
A 50 m tape of standard length has a weight of 0.05 kg/m with a cross sectional
area of 0.04 sq. cm. It has a modulus of elasticity of 2.10 x 106 kg/cm2. The tape is
of standard length under a pull of 5.5 kg when supported throughout its length and
a temperature of 20°C. This tape was use to measure a distance of458.65m long.
At the time of measurement the pull applied was 8 kg with the tape supported
only at its end points and the temperature observed was 18°C. Assuming that the
Coefficient of thermal expansion of the tape is 11.6 x 10-6/°C.
a. Compute the correction due to applied pull of 8 kg.
b. Compute the correction due to the weight of the tape
c. Compute the true length of the measured distance due to the combined error.
Assignment #2
1. A civil engineer used a 30m tape in measuring an inclined distance. The measured length
on the slope was recorded to be 459.20 m long. The difference in elevation between the
initial point and the end point was found to be 1.25m. The 30m tape is of standard length at
a temperature of 10°C and a pull of 50 N. During measurement the temperature reading was
15°C and the tape was supported at both ends with an applied pull of 75 N. The cross-
sectional area of the tape is 6.50 mm2 and the modulus of elasticity is 200GPa. The tape has
a mass of 0.075 kg/m.
(a) determine the total correction per tape length.
(b) determine the correction for slope.
(c) determine the horizontal distance.
2. Compute the normal tension which will be applied to a tape supported over two supports
in order to make the tape equal to its nominal length when supported only at end points.
The steel tape is 30m long and weighs 0.84 kg when supported throughout its length under a
standard pull of 5.6 kg, with modulus of elasticity is 2.10 x 106 Kg/cm2 and area of 0.06cm2

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