CHEMISTRY IN LATEST BATTERIES

ABOUT : CHEMISTRY IN LATEST BATTERIES

PREPARED BY: V.DINESH KUMAR RAJU
M.BHARGAVA REDDY
Index:-
1.Introduction to Batteries:-
*Batteries
*Types of batteries

2. fluoride batteries
* efficiency
*demerits and merits

3.Tecnological trends in batteries

*Fast charging batteries
*temperature constraints
 Introduction to batteries
BATTERIES:A battery is a series combination cells which convert chemical energy to electrical energy.
A battery consists of some number of voltaic cells arranged in series. Each cell consists of
two half-cells connected by a conductive electrolyte containing metal cations. One half-cell
includes electrolyte and the negative electrode, the electrode to which anions (negatively
charged ions) migrate , the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the positive electrode, to
which cation (positively charged ions) migrate . Cations are reduced (electrons are added) at
the cathode, while metal atoms are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode . Some
cells use different electrolytes for each half-cell. Then a separator is used to prevent
mixing of the electrolytes while allowing ions to flow between half-cells to complete the
electrical circuit.

Example:-
A voltaic cell for demonstration purposes. In
this example the two half-cells are linked by
a salt bridge that permits the transfer of ions.

Rechargeable battery
Non-rechargeable batteries
 TYPES OF BATTERIES

Batteries are of mainly two types :-

* Non-Rechargeable batteries
* Rechargeable batteries

1.Non Rechargeable batteries:- If the electrochemical reaction occurring in the cell is not reversible, rendering the cell
non-rechargeable . As a primary cell is used, chemical reactions in the battery use up the chemicals that generate the power;
when they are gone, the battery stops producing electricity and is useless. They are also known as primary batteries.

EXAMPLE : Zn-carbon battery cell reactions :-

anode (oxidation of Zn): Zn → Zn2+ + 2e−

cathode (reduction of Mn+4): 2 MnO2 + 2NH4+ + 2e− → 2 MnO(OH) + 2 NH3

*lachelanche batteries are mainly used in toys, flashlights,

At anode oxidation of zinc takes place by this two electrons will be

evolved. At cathode reduction of Mn takes place . They result in emf
between electrodes .
RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES:-The batteries for which electrochemical reaction is reversible so that
products can be converted to reactants again and again by supplying power during recharging .These have
wide applications in portable electronic devices like mobiles , laptops, and many other applications.
Example:-Li+ batteries are widely used

A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery (abbreviated as LIB) is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the
negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use
an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in a non-
rechargeable lithium battery.
During discharging:-
𝑳𝒊𝑪𝒐𝑶2 + 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞 (𝑪6 ) → 𝑳𝒊1-x 𝑪𝒐𝑶2 + 𝑳𝒊𝒙𝑪6
During charging:-
𝑳𝒊𝑪𝒐𝑶𝟐 + 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞 (𝑪𝟔 ) → 𝑳𝒊1-x 𝑪𝒐𝑶2 + 𝑳𝒊𝒙𝑪6
 Fluoride Batteries
"Fluoride batteries have higher energy density, which means that they may last longer -- up to eight times longer than batteries
like Li+ batteries.
Actually fluoride batteries are solid state batteries which will work efficiently only at temperature greater than 1500c
and may explode if temperature exceed more than 3000c and fluoride is more reactive and corrosive ,so that it will
undergoes decomposition faster with other compounds reducing the efficiency of cell which decreases rapidly . So In
order to operate these batteries at normal temperatures , bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ether, or BTFE is used as solvent
which stabilize fluoride ions .fluorine in liquid state produce higher energy density but working with liquid fluorine is a
challenging aspect since separator should be non-reactive with fluorine and fluoride ions should controlled from reacting
with other elements also the reaction should be controlled .

DISADVANTAGES:-
*Non-ecofriendly batteries.
*Can explode rapidly if separator is damaged
*costly
*fluorine is highly reactive.

ADVANTAGES:-
*They can provide high energy density
*controlled reaction can increase utility time.
Charging and Discharging of fluoride batteries:-
*Fluoride batteries are Anion batteries unlike Li+ batteries which are cation batteries but fluoride batteries can give
high energy density
BiF3 as anode and sodium manganese oxide(NMO) as cathode with aqueous NaF as electrolytic solution.
bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ether, or BTFE is used as solvent which stabilize fluoride ions since they are highly reactive.
BTFE:-

Similar to li+ batteries during charging electrons move from cathode to

Anode and during discharging electrons move from anode to cathode.
 WORKING OF FLUORIDE BATTERIES

ectrochemical equations during charging and discharging of fluoride batteries :-

uring discharging:-

At the cathode : 𝑀𝐹𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒− → 𝑀 + 𝑥𝐹−

At the anode : 𝑀′ + 𝑥𝐹− → 𝑀′𝐹𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒−

Total : 𝑀′ + 𝑀𝐹𝑥 → 𝑀′𝐹𝑥 + M

uring charging:-

At the anode : 𝑀 + 𝑥𝐹− → 𝑀𝐹𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒−

At the cathode : 𝑀′𝐹𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒− → 𝑀′ + 𝑥𝐹−

 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS IN BATTERIES

Improving energy density in a battery:-

Batteries can provide more energy if electron density is increased .
 SOLID STATE BATTERIES VS LIQUID STATE BATTERIES
Liquid state batteries:-These batteries uses electrolyte of liquid state .These batteries have moderate energy
density

Solid state batteries:- solid-state batteries use a solid electrolyte. ... Solid-state batteries theoretically could
store twice as much energy because of more electron density in electrolyte.

solid-state battery Liquid state battery

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Fast Charging Batteries
Fast Charging Batteries:- These batteries can recharge in less time than normal time
than required to recharge a battery .In other words decreasing the time taken to convert
products to reactants.

*In general let us consider mobile batteries usually a Li+ battery which doesn’t support
fast charging in this type of batteries we will provide 5 volts and 0.5 Amp of current as
input to the battery but increasing these applied voltages can make battery to recharge
quickly and also damages the electrolyte.

By providing higher input electron density to the battery with external source at anode for Li+ batteries we can
charge battery faster unlike normal batteries we will apply more than 0.5 amp and 5 volts of energy.
 TEMPUTATURE CONSTRAINTS

We all know that temperature effect rate of reaction :-

So applying heat to battery will increase several milliamperes of energy but it never happens because life span of
battery will decrease rapidly .
Increasing temperature causes battery to drain faster and life cycles will decrease so that battery on ageing will
provide less voltage .Batteries can even blast on applying more temperature.
ANY QUERIES ?
Thanks for listening patiently