Scribd
Upload
40 views

Load Flow Overview

The document provides an overview of load flow studies, which analyze the steady state operation of a power system to determine voltages and angles at all buses. Key points: - Load flow studies are used for planning and operations to understand how the power system will perform under different scenarios. - Components modeled include generators, loads, transmission lines, transformers, and reactive power devices. Generators have PQ capability curves and loads use ZIP models. - Buses are classified as slack, PQ, or PV based on specified values. - Newton-Raphson and Gauss-Seidel methods are iterative techniques to solve the nonlinear load flow equations using an admittance matrix representation. - The objective is

Uploaded by

Ashish Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
40 views

Load Flow Overview

The document provides an overview of load flow studies, which analyze the steady state operation of a power system to determine voltages and angles at all buses. Key points: - Load flow studies are used for planning and operations to understand how the power system will perform under different scenarios. - Components modeled include generators, loads, transmission lines, transformers, and reactive power devices. Generators have PQ capability curves and loads use ZIP models. - Buses are classified as slack, PQ, or PV based on specified values. - Newton-Raphson and Gauss-Seidel methods are iterative techniques to solve the nonlinear load flow equations using an admittance matrix representation. - The objective is

Uploaded by

Ashish Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Load flow study

Introduction
• Load flow study is analysis of a power system in
normal steady state operation.
• The study tends to determine first
• Voltages
• Angles
at all the buses in the system and hence real power ,
reactive power and line losses.
Why do we need Load flow study?
• The power flow problem was originally motivated from the planning
environments, where engineers considered different network
configurations necessary to serve an expected future load.
• Later it is utilized for the operational purposes as well
• So, the purpose of power flow studies is to plan ahead and account
for various hypothetical situations. For example, if a transmission line
is be taken off line for maintenance, can the remaining lines in the
system handle the required loads without exceeding their rated
values.
Power system components to consider in load
flow study
• Generators
• Loads
• Transmission lines
• Transformers
• Grid
• Any other reactive power compensation devices.
• Other components doesn't need to be include in the study as their
impact is negligible.
Generators
• Generators have maximum and minimum real and reactive power
capabilities as defined in the generator datasheets.
• Maximum reactive power capability:
• It is the maximum reactive power generator can supply when operating at
lagging power factor.
• Minimum reactive power capability
• It is the minimum reactive power generator may absorb when operating at
leading power factor
• Generator can be considered as PV bus or Slack bus in the system
Loads
• Static load models
These are widely used in the polynomial model, having dependencies on
voltage.
2
𝑉 𝑉
𝑃 = 𝑃0 𝑝1 + 𝑝2 + 𝑝3
𝑉0 𝑉0
Which is also called ZIP model, constant impedance , constant current
and constant power terms in the polynomial.
• While frequency dependent load is given by
𝑋
𝑓
𝑃 = 𝑃0
𝑓0
For dynamic loads such as motor in load flow analysis, we can consider
them as frequency dependent loads.
Transmission lines
Line can be represented as
• A line with zero impedance
• An impedance
• A 𝜋 Link
• A DC line
Transformers
• Type of transformer (3 phase or
single phase)
• Rated Voltage level
• Transformer rated MVA
• Tap ratio(TAU).
• Impedance of primary and
secondary winding
• Phase difference between
primary and secondary (FI) .
Grid model
• Grid short circuit MVA
• Impedance ratio (X/R)
• Generally considered as a constant voltage and constant
angle bus in load flow study.

Reactive power compensation device


• Shunt reactor, Shunt capacitor or Shunt filter
• Impedance
• Voltage level
Classification of Buses
Type of bus |V| (per-unit) δ (˚) P (MW) Q (Mvar)

Slack bus Specified specified Unknown Unknown

Load bus Unknown Unknown Specified Specified


(P-Q) Buses

Regulated buses Specified Unknown Specified Unknown


(P-V) Buses
Load flow problem and objective
• The prime objective is to calculate voltage magnitude and angle at all
the buses of the system.
• Set of power flow equations are non-linear, which can be calculated by
iterative procedure:
• Gauss seidel method
• Newton-Raphson method
• Fast decoupled load flow
• Since newton Raphson is most accurate method to solve iterative
method . So used in many software for the load flow study.
Gauss-seidel method example
• Considering non- linear equations
f1(x, y) = 𝑥 2 − 2x − y + 0.5
f2(x, y) = 𝑥 2 + 4 y− 4.
We seek a method of solution for the system of nonlinear equations
f1(x, y) = 0 and f2(x, y) = 0
which makes equation as
𝑥 2 − 2x − y + 0.5 = 0
𝑥2 + 4 y − 4 = 0
Gauss siedel continues
• Which can be written as 2
4 − 𝑥
(𝑥 2 − y +0.5) 𝑦=
x= 4
2

• Assume initial guess as x0 and y0


(x0 2 −y0 +0.5) 4−x0 2
• Calculate next iteration value to be x1 = , y1 =
2 4

• Perform iterations using value of x and y obtained in previous iterations.


• Continue until ϵ = max(|𝑥𝑖+1 - 𝑥𝑖 |, |𝑦𝑖+1 − 𝑦𝑖 |) is less than the specified error
Newton Raphson technique
• This technique derives from the Taylor series expansion of a function
near a point
• Example
Newton Raphson continues
The Newton-Raphson formula
consists geometrically of
extending the tangent line at
a current point 𝑥𝑖 until it
crosses zero, then setting the
next guess 𝑥𝑖+1 to the
abscissa of that zero crossing.
Newton Raphson example
• Considering non- linear equations
f1(x, y) = 𝑥 2 − 2x − y + 0.5
f2(x, y) = 𝑥 2 + 4 y− 4
We seek a method of solution for the system of nonlinear equations f1(x, y)
= 0 and f2(x, y) = 0
f1(x, y)
Considering 𝐹 𝑋 =
f2(x, y)
x ′
Where X= y
Newton Raphson example
• By using Taylor series and neglecting higher order terms , expansion can be
written as
δf1(X) δf1(X)
f1(X) δx δy δx
𝐹 𝑋 + 𝛿𝑋 = +
f2(X) δf2(X) δf2(X) δy
δx δy
Change in variables calculated as −1
δf1(X) δf1(X)
δx δx δy
=[𝐹 𝑋 + 𝛿𝑋 - 𝐹 𝑋 ]
δy δf2(X) δf2(X)
δx δy
BY assuming 𝐹 𝑋 + 𝛿𝑋 = 0 we can find the roots as 𝑋 + 𝛿𝑋 , where 𝛿𝑋 can
be obtained by solving equation above.
Newton Raphson example
−1
δf1(X) δf1(X)
δx δx δy
=[- 𝐹 𝑋 ]
δy δf2(X) δf2(X)
δx δy
For the next iteration variables values can be update as:
x=x+ δx
y = y + δy
Repeat the process until ϵ = max(|𝑥𝑖+1 - 𝑥𝑖 |, |𝑦𝑖+1 − 𝑦𝑖 |) is less than the
specified error.
Nodal Admittance Matrix
• Represent system admittances in self
and mutual admittance
• For the respective 3 bus system Y bus
would be:

• Where

Which can be written as


𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑌13
𝑌 = 𝑌21 𝑌22 𝑌23
𝑌31 𝑌32 𝑌33
all admittances are complex quantities
Load flow problem • Load flow problem objective to find voltage
magnitude and voltage angle at all buses of the
system.
𝑃1, 𝑄1, 𝑃2, 𝑄2, • To make the system consistent the no of unknowns
PV BUS
𝑉1, θ1, 𝑉2, θ2, PQ BUS in the system should be equal to available known
G1
equations of the system.
• In this system,
No of unknowns: θ1, 𝑉2, θ2 and by knowing this
together with 𝑉1, θ3, 𝑉3, we can determine all power
flow in the system.
No of equations available:
Equation for 𝑃1, 𝑃2, 𝑄2
(𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠)
Slack bus (V and θ is known)
𝑃3, 𝑄3, So, we can solve the three non linear equations for
𝑉3, θ3, determining three no's of unknown variable.
Load flow problem
The equations which need to be solved are for determining θ1, 𝑉2, θ2
• 𝑃1 = 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑌12 cos θ1 − θ2 − α12 + 𝑉1 𝑉3 𝑌12 cos θ1 − θ3 − α13 +
𝑉12 𝑌11 cos α11 ,

• 𝑃2 = 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑌21 cos θ2 − θ1 − α21 + 𝑉2 𝑉3 𝑌23 cos θ2 − θ3 − α23 +


𝑉22 𝑌22 cos α22

• 𝑄2 = 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑌21 sin θ2 − θ1 − α21 + 𝑉3 𝑉2 𝑌32 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ2 − θ3 − α23 +


𝑉22 𝑌22 sin α22
Where α𝑖𝑖 is an admittance angle
Load flow problem
• These equations can be written as
𝑃1 =𝑓1 (θ1, θ2 , 𝑉2 )
𝑃2 = 𝑓2 (θ1, θ2 , 𝑉2 )
𝑄2 = 𝑓3 (θ1, θ2 , 𝑉2 )
Now by applying newton Raphson these equations can be represented
δ𝑓1 δ𝑓1 δ𝑓1
δθ1 δ𝛳2 δ𝑉2
𝑃1 − 𝑓1 (θ10 , θ02 , 𝑉20 ) J1 J2 𝛿θ1
δ𝑓2 δ𝑓2 δ𝑓2
as 𝑃2 − 𝑓2 (θ10 , θ02 , 𝑉20 ) = 𝛿θ2
δθ1 δθ2 δ𝑉2
𝑄2 − 𝑓3 (θ10 , θ02 , 𝑉20 ) 𝛿𝑉2
δ𝑓3 δ𝑓3 δ𝑓3
δθ1 J3 δ𝛳2 J4 δ𝑉
2

Where θ10 , 𝑉20 , θ02 are the initial guess which can be taken as flat start.
Load flow problem
• By using above equation we can calculate the change in the variables
δ𝑓1 δ𝑓1 δ𝑓1 −1
δθ1 δ𝑉2 δθ2
𝑃1 − 𝑓1 (θ10 , 𝑉20 , θ02 ) 𝛿θ1
δ𝑓2 δ𝑓2 δ𝑓2
𝑃2 − 𝑓2 (θ10 , 𝑉20 , θ02 ) = 𝛿𝑉2
δθ1 δ𝑉2 δθ2
𝑄2 − 𝑓3 (θ10 , 𝑉20 , θ02 ) 𝛿θ2
δ𝑓3 δ𝑓3 δ𝑓3
δθ1 δ𝑉2 δθ2

For the next iteration new values of θ1, 𝑉2, θ2 will be


θ11 = θ11 + 𝛿θ1 𝑉21 = 𝑉20 + 𝛿𝑉2 , θ12 = θ02 + 𝛿θ2

𝛿θ1
Repeat the process until ϵ = max 𝛿𝑉2 is less than the specified error.
𝛿θ2

You might also like