PHY 101: Lecture 6

• 6.1 Work Done by a Constant Force

• 6.2 The Work-Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy
• 6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
• 6.4 Conservation Versus Nonconservative Forces
• 6.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy
• 6.6 Nonconservative Forces and the Work-Energy
Theorem
• 6.7 Power
 PHY 101: Lecture 6
Work and Energy

6.1
Work Done by a Constant Force
 Work vs. Energy

• Energy is a property of matter

Mass and Inertia are other properties
• Matter that has energy can do work by
means of a force
• Work transfers or changes energy
 Work – Constant Force
• Work is a scalar
• Work done on an object by a
constant force F is: d

W = (F cosq)d
• F is the magnitude of the force
• d is the magnitude of the
displacement
 q is angle between direction of
force and direction of
displacement
• SI Unit of Work: Joule (J)
 Amount of Energy in Food

• 1 calorie = 4.186 J
• 1 food calorie = 1000 calories = 4186 J
• 2000 food calorie diet = 8.37 x 106 J
 Work – Example 1

• You are carrying a backpack across

campus
• What is the work done by your vertical
carrying force on the backpack?
Work done by vertical carrying force is zero
This force is perpendicular to the direction of
motion so q = 900
cos90 = 0
 Work – Example 2

• A person pushes on an unmoving wall with

a force of 10 newtons
• How much work is he doing?
W = 0 because the force is not moving
 Work – Example 3

• A person does 50 J of work in moving a

30-kg box over a 10-m distance on a
horizontal surface
• What is the minimum force required?
cosq = 1
W = Fd
50 = F(10)
F = 50 /10 = 5.0 N
 Work – Example 4

• An object is being pulled along the ground by

a 75-N force directed 280 above the horizontal
• How much work does the force do in pulling
the object 8.0 m?
W = Fdcosq = 75 N (8.0 m) cos28 = 530 J
 Work – Example 5

• A 5.0-kg box slides a 10-m distance on ice

• The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20
• What is the work done by the friction force
 fk = mkN
 W = -fkd
 The sign is minus because the force is in the opposite
direction from the motion, q = 1800
 In vertical direction, we have N – mg = ma = 0
 N = mg
 W = -(0.20)(5 x 9.8)(10) = - 98 J
 Work – Example 6a
• A 5-kg hammer moves at 8 m/sec
• The hammer drives a nail 0.04 m into a piece of wood
• Ability to do work comes from motion of hammer
• What is the force applied to the nail?
 vf2 = vi2 + 2a(xf – xi)
 02 = 82 + 2a(0.04)
 -64 = .08a
 a = - 800m/s2
 F = force on hammer = ma = 5 kg x (-800) = - 4000 N
 F = force on nail = + 4000 N
 Work done by hammer = Fd = 4000(0.040 = 160 J
 Work – Example 6b

• A 5-kg hammer moves at 8 m/sec

• The hammer drives a nail 0.01 m into a piece of
wood
• a = -3200 m/s2
• F = -16000 n
• F = 16000 n
• W = Fd = 16000 x 0.01 = 160 J
• Work comes from motion of hammer which is
the same in parts a and b of the problem
 PHY 101: Lecture 6
Work and Energy

6.2
The Work-Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy
 Kinetic Energy

• KE is the energy of a moving object

• Work done by forces on a moving object
W = (SF)d = (ma)d
vf2 = vi2 + 2ad
W = (ma)d = m(1/2)(vf2 - vi2)
• (1/2)mv2 is identified as Kinetic Energy
 Work – Energy Theorem

• A net external force does work W on an

object
• The kinetic energy of the object changes
from its initial value of KEi to a final value
of KEf
• The difference between the two values
being equal to the work
W = KEf – KEi = ½ mvf2 – ½ mvi2
 Work – Energy Theorem
Example 1
• A 1200-kg automobile travels at speed 25 m/s
• (a) What is its kinetic energy?
• (b) What is the net work that would be required
to bring it to a stop?
 (a)
 KE = ½ mv2 = (0.5)(1200)(25)2 = 3.8 x 105 J
 (b)
 W = KEf – KEi = 0 – 3.8 x 105 = -3.8 x 105
Note: Work is negative because it is taking away
KE
 Work-Energy Theorem
Example 2
• A constant net force of 75 N acts on an object initially at
rest through a parallel distance of 0.60 m
• (a) What is the final kinetic energy of the object?
• (b) If the object has a mass of 0.20 kg, what is its final
speed?
 (a)
 W = Fd = KEf – KEi
 W = 75 x 0.60 = KEf
 KEf = 45 joules
 (b)
 KE = ½ mv2 = 45 joules
 v = sqrt(2 x 45 / 0.20) = 21.2 m/s
 PHY 101: Lecture 6
Work and Energy

6.3
Gravitational Potential Energy
 Work Done by Force of Gravity

• An object moves from initial height hi to

final height hf
• The force of gravity acts on the object
Wgravity = Fd
F = mg = weight
d = hi - hf
Wgravity = mg(hi – hf) = mghi - mghf
 Gravitational Potential Energy

• The gravitational potential energy, PE, is

the energy that an object of mass m has
because of its position relative to the
surface of the earth
• That position is measured by the height h
of the object relative to an arbitrary zero
level
PE = mgh
 Potential Energy – Example 1

• What is the gravitational potential energy,

relative to the ground, of a 1.0-kg box at
the top of a 50-m building?

PE = mgh = 1 x 9.8 x 50 = 490 J

 Potential Energy – Example 2

• How much more gravitational potential

energy does a 1.0-kg hammer have when
it is on a shelf 1.5 m high than when it is
on a shelf 0.90 m high?
DPE = mg(hH – hL) = 1 x 9.8 x (1.5 – 0.9) =
5.88 J
 PHY 101: Lecture 6
Work and Energy

6.4
Conservative Versus Nonconservative Force
 Conservative Force

• Version 1
 A force is conservative when the work it does
on a moving object is independent of the path
between the object’s initial and final position
• Version 2
A force is conservative when it does no net
work on an object moving around a closed
path starting and finishing at the same point
 Conservative Forces
Nonconservative Forces
• Conservative Forces
Gravity
Spring force
Electrostatic force
Magnetic force
• Nonconservative Forces
Friction
Air resistance
 Demonstration
Gravity is Conservative Force
• A 10-kg mass rises 20 m
• The 10-kg mass is then lowered 20 m to
it’s starting position
• How much work is done by gravity?
Raise
W = mg(hi – hf) = 10(9.8)(0 – 20) = -1960 J
Lower
W = mg(hi – hf) = 10(9.8)(20 – 0) = +1960 J
Total Work = -1960 + 1960 = 0 J
 Conservative Force Example

• While testing a cannon, a 1.0-kg ball is fired

straight up into the air
• The cannon ball rises 22.5 m and then falls back
to the height at which it was launched
• What is amount of work done on ball by gravity?
 Gravity is a conservative force
 Work only depends on the end points of the path
 The starting and ending points are the same
 Work of gravity = 0
 Work Done by Gravity
Path Independence 1
• Mount Everest is 9000 m high
• How much work is done against gravity by
a 70 kg person climbing straight up to the
top of Mount Everest?
W = mg(hi – hf)=70(9.8)(-9000)=-6.17 x 106 N
 Work Done by Gravity
Path Independence 2
• How much work is done against gravity
by a 70 kg person climbing a ramp to the
top of Mt. Everest? h
 Because of the angle q mg sin q q
 Force along ramp = -mgsinq mg
 Distance moved, d, is along ramp
 Angle between F and d is 0 degrees
 W = Fd = Fdsinq
 h/d = sinq
 W = -mg(h/d)d = -mgh
 Same work as climbing straight up
• Note: This shows that path doesn’t
matter when gravity is the force
 Demonstration
Friction is Nonconservative Force
• A 10-kg mass slides 20 m on a table
• 10-kg mass then slides back 20 m to it’s starting position
• Coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20
• How much work is done by fricition?
 Slide Forward
 W = Fdcosq = mk(mg)dcos180
 W = (0.2)(10)(9.8)(20)(-1) = -392 J
 Slide Back
 W = Fdcosq=mk(mg)dcos180
 W = (0.2)(10)(9.8)(20)(-1) = -392 J
 Total Work = -392 - 392 = -784 J <> 0
 PHY 101: Lecture 6
Work and Energy

6.5
The Conservation of Mechanical Energy
 Work-Energy
Conservative / Nonconservative Forces
• W = Wc + Wnc
• Wc + Wnc = ½ mvf2 – ½ mvi2
• Only conservative force is gravity
• mg(hi – hf) + Wnc = ½ mvf2 – ½ mvi2
• Wnc = ½ mvf2 – ½ mvi2 + mg(hf – hi)
• Wnc = (KEf – KEi) + (PEf – PEi)
 Derivation
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
• Suppose that the net work Wnc done by
external nonconservative forces is zero
Wnc = 0 J
0 = (KEf – KEi) + (PEf – PEi)
(KEf – KEi) = -(PEf – PEi)
(KEf + PEf) = (KEi + PEi)
½ mvf2 + mghf = ½ mvi2 + mghi
Mechanical Energy = E = ½ mv2 + mgh
Ef = Ei
 Principle
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
• Total mechanical energy (E = KE + PE) of
an object remains constant as the object
moves
• Provided that the net work done by
external nonconservative forces is zero,
Wnc = 0 J
 Kinetic Energy vs. Potential Energy

• The sum of the kinetic and potential

energies at any point is conserved
• Kinetic and Potential Energies may be
converted or transformed into one another
 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Example 1a
• A person standing on a bridge at a height of 115
m above a river drops a 0.250-kg rock
• (a) What is the rock’s mechanical energy at the
time of release relative to the surface of the
river?
 Initially, at top of bridge, rock is not moving
 KEi = 0
 Ei = KEi + PEi = 0 + mgh
 Ei = 0.250 x 9.8 x 115 = 281.75 joules
 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Example 1b
• A person standing on a bridge at a height of 115
m above a river drops a 0.250-kg rock
• (b) What are rock’s kinetic, potential, and
mechanical energies after it has fallen 75.0 m?
 After the rock falls 75.0 m, its height is 40 m and the
total mechanical energy is the same
 E = 281.75 J
 PE = mgh = 0.25 x 9.8 x 40 m = 98 J
 E = KE + PE
 KE = E – PE = 281.75 – 98 = 183.75 J
 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Example 1c
• A person standing on a bridge at a height of 115
m above a river drops a 0.250-kg rock
• (c) Just before the rock hits the water, what are
its speed and total mechanical energy?
 At bottom of fall, total mechanical energy, E, is 115 J
 Potential energy is zero, because the height is now
zero
 E = KE + PE
 281.75 = KE + 0
 KE = 281.75 = ½ mv2
 v =sqrt(281.75 x 2 /0.25) = 47.5 m/s
 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Example 2
• A 60-kg stunt person runs off a cliff at 5.0 m/s
and lands safely in the river 10.0 m below. What
was his speed when he landed?
 Mechanical energy is conserved in this problem
 Ef =Ei
 mghf + ½ mvf2 = mghi + ½ mvi2
 Mass, m, cancels out of this problem
 hi = 10.0 m
 hf = 0 m
 vi = 5.0 m/s
 (9.8)(0) + ½ vf2 = (9.8)(10.0) + ½ (9.8)(5)2
 vf = sqrt[2(98 + 122.5)] = 29.7 m/s
 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Example 3
• A skier coasts down a very smooth, 10-m-high slope
• The speed of the skier on the top of the slope is 5.0 m/s
• What is his speed at the bottom of the slope?
• Mechanical energy is conserved because there is no
friction
• Ef = Ei
• ½ mvf2 + mghf = ½ mvi2 + mghi
• At the bottom of the hill hf = 0
• Mass, m, cancels out of the problem
• ½ vf2 + 0 = ½ vi2 + ghi
• vf2 = vi2 + 2ghi
• vf = sqrt(vi2 + 2ghi) = sqrt(5.02 + 2(9.8)(10) = 14.8 m/s
 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Example 4
• A 14.2 x 103 N auto is traveling at 26.7 m/s
• Auto runs out of gas 16 x 103 m from a service station
• Neglecting friction, if station is on a level 15.2 m above
elevation where car stalled, how fast will the car be going
when it rolls into the station, if in fact it gets there?
 There is no friction. Mechanical energy is conserved.
 Ef = Ei
 ½ mvf2 + mghf = ½ mvi2 + mghi
 The initial height is taken as zero
 ½ mvf2 + mghf = ½ mvi2 + 0
 ½ vf2 + ghf = ½ vi2
 vf2 + 2ghf = vi2
 vf = sqrt(vi2 – 2ghf) = sqrt(26.72 – 2(9.8)(15.2))
 vf = sqrt(414.97) = 20.37 m/s
 PHY 101: Lecture 6
Work and Energy

6.6
Nonconservative Forces and the Work-Energy Theorem
Skipped
 PHY 101: Lecture 6
Work and Energy

6.7
Power
 Average Power
• Average rate at which work W is done
• It is obtained by dividing W by time
required to perform the work
P = Work / time = W / t
• SI Unit of Power: joules/s = watt (W)
P = W / t = Fd / t = F(d / t) = Fv
 Average Power - Example
• How much power does it take to raise an
object weighing 100 N a distance of 20.0
m in 50.0 s
• It begins at rest and ends at rest?
Because the object starts at rest and ends at
rest, work only changes potential energy
W = mgh = 100(20) = 2000 J
Power = W/t = 2000/50.0 = 40 W