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Lecture 1

The document provides an outline and overview of a CS 11 lecture that covers: - The definition and components of a computer - The areas and hierarchy of computer science as an academic field - The evolution of computers from early mechanical devices to modern electronic computers - The five generations of computers defined by their underlying technologies, from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits

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Merrene Bright Divino Judan
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29 views

Lecture 1

The document provides an outline and overview of a CS 11 lecture that covers: - The definition and components of a computer - The areas and hierarchy of computer science as an academic field - The evolution of computers from early mechanical devices to modern electronic computers - The five generations of computers defined by their underlying technologies, from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits

Uploaded by

Merrene Bright Divino Judan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS 11 Lecture – 1st Part

LECTURE OUTLINE
I. Introduction
i. Computer
ii. Areas of Computer Science
iii. Software/Hardware Hierarchy
iv. Computer Science
v. Bus Organization
II. Computer Evolution
III. Computer Generations
IV. Major Types of Computer Systems
V. Computer Software
INTRODUCTION Instruction
Data
Input

Ouput

COMPUTER

is a device that accepts data, processes the data in accordance with a stored
program, generates results, and usually consists of input, output, storage,
arithmetic, logic, and control units.

a functional unit[1] that can perform substantial computation, including numerous


arithmetic operations or logic operations, without human intervention during a run

[1] An entity of hardware, software, or both, capable of accomplishing a specified purpose.


AREAS of COMPUTER SCIENCE

1. Theory - “why”; presents abstract reasoning


2. Systems
3. Applications - “how” and “what”;
- deal w/ concrete and physical
components of Computer Science
e.g.
Theory – CS 55, CS 123, CS 141, CS 142, etc.
Systems – CS 125
Applications – CS 22, CS 128, CS 161, CS 170, etc.

CS 11 – to develop programs

MATHEMATICS ENGINEERING

COMPUTER
SCIENCE
SOFTWARE / HARDWARE HIERARCHY

1.Hardware – physical device


2.Software – Instructions that are fed to the computer

HARDWARE
1.I/O Device
2.Central Processing Unit
3.Memory

SOFTWARE
1.Systems
2.Applications

Let us find the sum and product of 100 numbers.


METHODS:
Manual
1.Calculator
2.Computer

COMPUTER SCIENCE studies the representation, transformation, nature and


philosophy of information.
BUS ORGANIZATION

CPU MEMORY I/O DEVICES

CPU – executes instructions


Memory – Stores data that CPU may need for computations
I/O – communicates with the user

MANUAL

MECHANICAL

ELECTRONIC
COMPUTER EVOLUTION

From the
shamanistic
tradition, man
developed the first
primitive counting
mechanisms --
counting notches
on sticks or marks
on walls.
From the caves and the
forests, man slowly
evolved and built
structures such as
Stonehenge.
Stonehenge, which lies
13km north of Salisbury,
England, is believed to
have been an ancient
form of calendar
designed to capture the
light from the summer
solstice in a specific
fashion. The solstices
have long been special
days for various
religious groups and
cults.
1642
Blaise Pascal –
Numbers
represented by
mechanical gear
wheels
(mechanical
adding machine)

1671
Gottfried
Leibniz –
devised a
mechanical
calculator;
binary numbers

1833
Charles
Babbage –
Differential
Engine
Analytical
Engine
-reading errors were
consequently greatly
reduced
-work flow was
increased
-stacks of punched
cards could be used
as accessible
memory store of
almost unlimited
capacity
-different problems
could be stored on
different batches of
cards and worked
on as needed
In 1941, Konrad Zuse(*), a
German who had
developed a number of
calculating machines,
released the first
programmable computer
designed to solve complex
engineering equations.
The machine, called the
Z3, was controlled by
perforated strips of
discarded movie film. As
well as being controllable
by these celluloid strips, it
was also the first machine
to work on the binary
system, as opposed to the
more familiar decimal
system.
Harvard Mark I, handled 23-
decimal-place numbers
(words) and could perform all
four arithmetic operations; had
special built-in programs, or
subroutines, to handle
logarithms and trigonometric
functions. Output was by card
punch and electric typewriter.
Although the Mark I used IBM
rotating counter wheels as key
components in addition to
electromagnetic relays, the
machine was classified as a
relay computer. It was slow,
requiring 3 to 5 seconds for a
multiplication, but it was fully
automatic and could complete
long computations without
human intervention.
British mathematician Alan
Turing wrote a paper in
1936 entitled On
Computable Numbers in
which he described a
hypothetical device, a
Turing machine, that
presaged programmable
computers. The Turing
machine was designed to
perform logical operations
and could read, write, or
erase symbols written on
squares of an infinite
paper tape. This kind of
machine came to be
known as a finite state
machine because at each
step in a computation, the
machine's next action was
matched against a finite
instruction list of possible
states.
ENIAC machine was developed by
John W. Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert at the University of
Pennsylvania. ENIAC (Electrical
Numerical Integrator and Computer)
used a word of 10 decimal digits
instead of binary ones like previous
automated calculators/computers.
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
In the beginning ...
A generation refers to the state of improvement in the development of a
product. This term is also used in the different advancements of computer
technology. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten smaller and
more advanced than the previous generation before it. As a result of the
miniaturization, speed, power, and memory of computers has proportionally
increased. New discoveries are constantly being developed that affect the
way we live, work and play.

The First Generation: 1946-1958 (The Vacuum Tube Years)


The first generation computers were huge, slow, expensive, and often
undependable. In 1946 two Americans, Presper Eckert, and John Mauchly built
the ENIAC electronic computer which used vacuum tubes instead of the mechanical
switches of the Mark I. The ENIAC used thousands of vacuum tubes, which took
up a lot of space and gave off a great deal of heat just like light bulbs do. The
ENIAC led to other vacuum tube type computers like the EDVAC (Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) and the UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic
Computer).
The vacuum tube was an extremely important step in the advancement of
computers. Vacuum tubes were invented the same time the light bulb was
invented by Thomas Edison and worked very similar to light bulbs. It's purpose
was to act like an amplifier and a switch. Without any moving parts, vacuum
tubes could take very weak signals and make the signal stronger (amplify
it). Vacuum tubes could also stop and start the flow of electricity instantly
(switch). These two properties made the ENIAC computer possible.

The ENIAC gave off so much heat that they had to be cooled by gigantic air
conditioners. However even with these huge coolers, vacuum tubes still
overheated regularly. It was time for something new.
The Second Generation: 1959-1964 (The Era of the Transistor)

The transistor computer did not last as long as the vacuum tube computer
lasted, but it was no less important in the advancement of computer
technology. In 1947 three scientists, John Bardeen, William Shockley, and
Walter Brattain working at AT&T's Bell Labs invented what would replace
the vacuum tube forever. This invention was the transistor which functions
like a vacuum tube in that it can be used to relay and switch electronic signals.
There were obvious differences between the transisitor and the vacuum
tube. The transistor was faster, more reliable, smaller, and much cheaper to
build than a vacuum tube. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40
vacuum tubes. These transistors were made of solid material, some of which
is silicon, an abundant element (second only to oxygen) found in beach sand
and glass. Therefore they were very cheap to produce. Transistors were
found to conduct electricity faster and better than vacuum tubes. They
were also much smaller and gave off virtually no heat compared to vacuum
tubes. Their use marked a new beginning for the computer. Without this
invention, space travel in the 1960's would not have been possible. However,
a new invention would even further advance our ability to use computers.
The Third Generation: 1965-1970 (Integrated Circuits -
Miniaturizing the Computer)

Transistors were a tremendous breakthrough in advancing the


computer. However no one could predict that thousands even now millions of
transistors (circuits) could be compacted in such a small space. The integrated
circuit, or as it is sometimes referred to as semiconductor chip, packs a huge
number of transistors onto a single wafer of silicon. Robert Noyce of Fairchild
Corporation and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments independently discovered the
amazing attributes of integrated circuits. Placing such large numbers of transistors
on a single chip vastly increased the power of a single computer and lowered its
cost considerably.
Since the invention of integrated circuits, the number of
transistors that can be placed on a single chip has doubled every two years,
shrinking both the size and cost of computers even further and further enhancing
its power. Most electronic devices today use some form of integrated circuits
placed on printed circuit boards-- thin pieces of bakelite or fiberglass that have
electrical connections etched onto them -- sometimes called a mother board.
These third generation computers could carry out instructions in billionths of a
second. The size of these machines dropped to the size of small file cabinets. Yet,
the single biggest advancement in the computer era was yet to be discovered.
The Fourth Generation: 1971-Today (The Microprocessor)

This generation can be characterized by both the jump to monolithic


integrated circuits (millions of transistors put onto one integrated circuit chip)
and the invention of the microprocessor (a single chip that could do all the
processing of a full-scale computer). By putting millions of transistors onto
one single chip more calculation and faster speeds could be reached by
computers. Because electricity travels about a foot in a billionth of a
second, the smaller the distance the greater the speed of computers.
However what really triggered the tremendous growth of computers
and its significant impact on our lives is the invention of the
microprocessor. Ted Hoff, employed by Intel (Robert Noyce's new company)
invented a chip the size of a pencil eraser that could do all the computing and
logic work of a computer. The microprocessor was made to be used in
calculators, not computers. It led, however, to the invention of personal
computers, or microcomputers.
MAJOR TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Microcomputer – simplest; single-user; for home use, schools for instruction,


small businesses
Workstation – for one or a few users (1 – 4) with more computational power
and memory than PC; used by engineers, scientists, software developers
Minicomputer – medium – sized; can handle simultaneous users (15 – 40);
used by small-to-medium sized businesses and government agencies
Mainframe – large; can handle up to hundreds of simultaneous users (25 –
200); for large business, universities, large government agencies
Supercomputer – largest and fastest; used for every large computations that
can’t be done on smaller computers; used in research laboratories, large
companies

COMPUTER SOFTWARES

Systems software – a program which controls the execution of other programs


PLs, translators and language processors, OS

Applications software – software tailored to solve specific problems


DB applications,word processing,data analysis applications
REFERENCES

http://www.crews.org/curriculum/ex/compsci/articles/generations.htm
http://lecture.eingang.org/index.html
CS 11 Lecture Manual – ICS, UPLB. 1995.

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