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04 CurvatureRefraction

The document discusses curvature and refraction, including deriving formulas for calculating line of sight based on the radius and curvature of the Earth as well as the effects of refraction. It provides example problems and solutions for determining line of sight and object heights based on the observer's height and distance to the object using the derived formulas.

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Arvin Jan P. Celis
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760 views

04 CurvatureRefraction

The document discusses curvature and refraction, including deriving formulas for calculating line of sight based on the radius and curvature of the Earth as well as the effects of refraction. It provides example problems and solutions for determining line of sight and object heights based on the observer's height and distance to the object using the derived formulas.

Uploaded by

Arvin Jan P. Celis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3:

Curvature & Refraction


F U N D A M E N TA L S O F S U R V E Y I N G C H A P T E R 3
R E F E R E N C E M AT E R I A L : E L E M E N TA R Y S U R V E Y I N G ; A N I N T R O D U C T I O N TO G E O M AT I C S ( T H I R T E E N T H
EDITION)
B Y C H A R L E S D . G H I L A N I & PA U L R . W O L F
Prepared by: Engr. Enzo Castillo
Derivation
Derivation
Formulas

Note: Cm = ec= hc
k

k
Line of Sight
hc
R
q R
Where:

R = Radius of Earth
k = horizontal distance
h = height of the object
k

k
Line of Sight
hc
R
q R
hc =0.07848k2

hcr =0.0675k2
*note k is in kilometers
Formulas

Note: Rm = er=hr
Formulas

Note: hm = ecr = ecomb = hcr


Earth’s Curvature and Refraction

Example 1: Fundamental Problem


A woman standing on a beach can just see the top of a
lighthouse 24.140 km away. If her eye height above sea
level is 1.738m, determine the height of the lighthouse
above sea level. Assume the radius of the earth is 6371km.

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