Quality Management

Mohammed Al-Najjar
Ali Mukat
Ahmed safi

12/08/21 Instructor:Nashaat Naeem 1

Definition of Total Quality Management

• TQM is a management philosophy, a paradigm, a continuous

improvement approach to doing business through a new
management model.

• To achieve TQM we must pass through :

1) Production Process control.
 All production processes are Normally Distributed.
 Statistical Quality Control (SQC) (7-Tools).

2) Product Inspection and Testing/Acceptance Sampling

 Raw material
 Final product

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 Production process control
Well designed processes yield output that is Normally Distributed.

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 Production process control (Cont.)

Statistical Quality Control (SQC) Tools

– Histograms
– Control Charts
– Pareto Charts
– Run Charts
– Scatter Diagrams
– Flow Charts
– Fishbone/Cause and Effect Diagrams

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 n
 xi
The Example x  i 1

n
R R max R min

A manufacturer of Hard Disk, purchases Printed Circuit Boards (PCB’s)

from an outside vender. Before the production process, the manager
take 10 samples of PCB’s with size 12 and measure the width of the
PCB’s, the result is in the following table.

sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Mean Range

1 9.98 10.03 9.98 10.01 10.02 10.04 9.98 9.97 10.03 9.97 9.98 10.03 10.00167 0.07

2 9.97 10.02 10.01 10.03 9.98 9.98 10.01 10.02 10.04 9.97 10.05 9.97 10.00417 0.08

3 9.97 9.98 9.99 10.01 10.02 9.99 10.02 9.98 9.97 9.97 10.02 9.99 9.9925 0.05

4 9.98 9.99 10.01 10.02 10.04 10.02 9.96 9.98 9.97 9.99 10.02 9.97 9.995833 0.08

5 10.02 10.01 9.97 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.02 9.97 10.03 9.97 10.01 9.98 10.00333 0.06

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 Histogram
• Graphical representations of the frequency distribution of data in bar form.
• The following Histogram Describes the Percentage of Defects in the First
Sample.

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 Control Charts
.
Control
Charts

Variables Attributes
Charts Charts

R X P C
Chart Chart Chart Chart

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 Control chart for variables
Sample Mean Upper Lower
1) X Chart Size, n Factor, A2 Range, D4 Range, D3
2 1.880 3.268 0
 Shows sample means over 3 1.023 2.574 0

time 4 0.729 2.282 0

5 0.577 2.115 0
UCL  x  A R From 6 0.483 2.004 0
x 2 7 0.419 1.924 0.076
Table 8 0.373 1.864 0.136
9 0.337 1.816 0.184

LCL  x  A R Range 10 0.308 1.777 0.223

x 2 for
12 0.266 1.716 0.284

Mean for
0.184

n sample i

x
sample i n

R
x 
i
i 1
R 
i
i 1

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n # Samples n
Instructor:Nashaat Naeem 8
 X Chart

49.9975
x   9.9995
10

0.34
R   0.068
5

A  0.266
2

UCL  9.9995  0.266 * 0.068  10.01759

x

LCL  9.9995  0.266 * 0.068  9.981412

x

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 X Chart

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 Control chart for variables
2) R chart
UCL = D R 4

LCL = D R 3

D  1.716
4

D  0.284
3

UCL = 1.716 * 0.068  0.116688

LCL = 0.284 * 0.068  0.019312

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 R chart

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 Control chart for Attributes
1) P chart
• Shows % of nonconforming items

p (1  p )
UCL  p  z
n
p

p (1  p ) z = 2 for 95.5%
LCL  p  z limits; z = 3 for
n
p

m 99.7% limits
p
p  i 1
i
# Defective
m Items in Sample
p (1  p ) i
  Size of sample
n
p

i
where n  size of each sample

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 P chart
• The manager found that the sample size Defects p
defected items are as in the 1 50 3 0.06
following table. 2 50 6 0.12
m

p 1.8 3 50 15 0.3
p   0.18
i
i 1

m 10 4 50 5 0.1
z2 5 50 8 0.16
p (1  p ) 0.18(1  0.18) 6 50 19 0.38
UCL  p  z  0.18  2 *  0.2887
n 50
p

7 50 7 0.14
p (1  p ) 0.18(1  0.18) 8 50 12 0.24
LCL  p  z  0.18  2 *  0.07134
n 50
p

9 50 9 0.18
10 50 6 0.12

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 P chart

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 Control chart for Attributes
2) C chart
• Shows number of nonconformities (defects) in a unit

UCL  c  2 c
c

Use 2 for 95.5%

limits

LCL  c  2 c
c

# Defects in
m Unit i
c
c 
i
i1
# Units Sampled
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m Instructor:Nashaat Naeem 16
 C chart

UCL  c  2 c  9  2 * 9  15
c

LCL  c  2 c  9  2 * 9  3
c

90 c
c   9
i
i 1

m 10

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 C chart

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 The Acceptance-Sampling Problem

1. Accept with no inspection

2. 100% inspection
3. Acceptance sampling
Determine
(1) how many units, n, to sample from a lot, and
(2) the maximum number of defective items, c, that can be found
in the sample before the lot is rejected.
• Acceptable Quality Level (AQL)
– Max. acceptable percentage of defectives defined by producer.
 (Producer’s risk)
– The probability of rejecting a good lot.
• Lot Tolerance Percent Defective (LTPD)
– Percentage of defectives that defines consumer’s rejection point.
  (Consumer’s risk)
– The probability of accepting a bad lot.

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 Lot of N items

Sample inspected
Random sample (c’= number of
of size n pulled defectives)

Replace the Reject the lot

defectives and no c’ > c yes and take
accept the lot corrective action
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 Operating Characteristic Curve
P : The possibility of accepting all order

Sample size: n
100% c :The consent requirement

0%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AQL LTPD

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