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 FA-2
RECENT FOREST FIRE

GUIDED BY :-SAPNA MAM

:-SINDHU MAM
.PPT PRESENTATION
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
.P P T
 TOPIC
FI RE
EST
F O R
E N T
REC
WHAT IS A FOREST
FIRE ?
 A forest fire is an
uncontrolled fire in
nature. sometimes,
the forest fire is so
large that it takes
a long time for the
fire fighting crews
to gain control
over the
situations. This
could result in
FOREST FIRE DUE TO
HUMAN ACTIVITY
 It is estimated that as many
as nine out of ten forest fires
are caused by humans,
although the causes of a
significant number of forest
fires remain unknown. The
most common cause of such
fires is the use of open flames
and disposable barbecue grills.
Even a cigarette that is not
properly extinguished can
cause a forest fire. Some
forest fires also start as a
consequence of downed power
lines, sparks from trains,
sparks from edge trimmers
along roadways or sparks from
tools and forestry machinery
 TOPICS
Causes and
types of forest
Effects
fire
Prevention
Conclusion
causes
 w so
f t a
e o e
a r a r
es ic h s
u s w h s e
C a s a u
p e s c
y
t lo w d e e s
l m a u s
fo n - c a
M a a l
 u r
a t
 Man-Made: Forest fires
are caused by people
when they throw
cigarette butts in a dry
vegetative area, when
sparks fly off during the
handling of heavy
machinery in the forest
area or even by the
overhead wires running
across forests.
 While a majority of
these are caused by
accident, some of them
are caused by simple
Natural Causes: Natural
causes of forest fires
include lightning, volcanic
eruptions, and also the
sparks that fly off when
two rocks collide with
each other forcefully or
 CASUSES
 Fuel, oxygen, and a source of heat―these
three are the prerequisites for a fire, and are
commonly known as the 'fire triangle'. The
availability of these three elements can
unleash an intense fire in the forest, which is
usually termed as forest fire, bush fire, or
wildfire.

 Wildfires can be witnessed throughout the

world, and they usually occur in cycles.
Though mild forest fires are considered
beneficial for many plant species, large and
widespread wildfires can wreak havoc on the
ecosystem, causing the loss of some
important flora and fauna.

 Mild wildfires are crucial for the reproduction

of certain plant species. The exposure to
smoke produced by wildfires, coupled with
charred wood and heat, can stimulate the
Lightning and
Volcanic Eruptions
Underground Coal
Fires
Spontaneous
Forest Fires
Human Activities
Other Causes
 Human Activities
 Human activities, or to be more specific, human carelessness
is responsible for causing more than 80% of all wildfires.
lighted cigarette in the forest.

 The majority of forest fires caused by human activities can be

termed as accidental fires. One of the most important human
activities that can cause forest fires is the use of arson for
clearing land, which can sometimes go out of control.

 Sometimes, campers and hikers can leave behind a potential

source of ignition like campfires or lighted cigarettes in the
forest, which can ignite a wildfire.
 TYPES OF FOREST FIRES
 Ground fires are usually fueled by subterranean roots, buried organic matter, and dead
vegetative parts like leaves, branches, and bark and stems of trees that exist on the soil
surface at various stages of decomposition. Though quite infrequent in nature, ground fires
can burn slowly for days to months. They basically burn by smoldering, and can literally
destroy all vegetation leaving behind only bare earth.

 Surface fires are fed by low-lying vegetation, shrubbery, leaves, grass, and other debris. A
surface fire is usually less intense as compared to a ground fire, and it does not pose major
risks to mature trees and their roots. But factors like the buildup of fuel over a period of
time, and drought or dry spells can increase the intensity of the surface fire, and cause it
to spread rapidly to become a ground fire.

 Crown or aerial fires can reach the level of tree canopy and burn suspended materials. The
intensity of the fire is determined by the density of the suspended material, canopy height,
and canopy continuity. The rising heat from a ground fire can cause it to climb up and
engulf tree crowns. A crown fire can blow embers and tree branches to unburned areas,
and thus, spread the fire rapidly.
Right from lightning and volcanic
eruptions to unattended campfires can
cause forest fires. Sometimes, a
lighted cigarette left in the forest can
also ignite a wildfire. The following are
some of the most important factors
that can cause forest fires, or increase
their intensity to the extent that they
can wreak havoc on the flora and
fauna of the affected area.
 c t s
ff e
E
 Positive Effects

 Forest fires are important for the life cycle of many trees. A fire
takes all the warm air above the trees. This warm air makes all the
cones in the trees dry up and when the cones dry, they pop and
the seeds fall onto the ground giving rise to more growth.

 Any undergrowth that surrounds trees within the forest gets

cleared by forest fires.

 This makes it easy for the new plants to grow more easily.
Also, any dead and decaying matter in and on the soil gets burned
and cleared off, which allows new plants to grow.

 The smoke from the forest fires can also act as an exterminator of
poisonous insects within the forest. The fire helps to get rid of
diseased plants from within the forest .
 Negative Effects
 The first harmful effect of a forest fire is definitely the devastating
loss of forest cover.

 Entire forests can get wiped off due to forest fires, which can
severely harm the ecological balance of nature and cause changes
in the climate of the region.

 The next harmful effect is the increase in the level of air pollution
in the surrounding area.

 The smoke can be very hazardous to humans and animals living in

the area and can cause death by excess inhalation.

 Economically speaking, a lot of valuable timber is lost in forest

 Wildfires cause damages, killing
some plants and occasionally
animals. [52] Firefighters have
been injured or killed, and
structures can be damaged or
destroyed. The loss of plants can
heighten the risk of significant
erosion and landslides.

 Some observers have reported

soil “glassification,” where the
silica in the soils has been melted
and fused, forming an
impermeable layer in the soil;
however, research has yet to
document the extent, frequency,
and duration of this condition,
and the soil and burning
conditions under which it occurs.

 Others have noted that “Even the

most intense forest fire will rarely
 Wildfires, especially conflagrations, can also have
significant local economic effects, both short-term
and long-term, with larger fires generally having
greater and longer-term impacts. Wildfires, and
even extreme fire danger, may directly curtail
recreation and tourism in and near the fires.
Extensive fire damage to trees can significantly
alter the timber supply, both through a short-term
glut from timber salvage and a longer-term decline
while the trees regrow.

 Water supplies can be degraded by post-fire erosion

and stream sedimentation, but the volume flowing
from the burned area may increase. If an area’s
aesthetics are impaired, local property values can
decline. However, federal fire management includes
substantial expenditures, and fire-fighting jobs are
considered financially desirable in many areas.

 Ecological damages from fires are more difficult to

determine, and may well be overstated, for several
reasons. First, burned areas look devastated
immediately following the fire, even when recovery
is likely; for example, conifers with as much as 60%
of the crown scorched are likely to survive. Second,
even the most intense stand replacement fires do
not burn 100% of the biomass within the burn’s
perimeter
 Wildfires cause damages, killing
some plants and occasionally
animals. Firefighters have been
injured or killed, and structures
can be damaged or destroyed.
 The loss of plants can heighten
the risk of significant erosion
and landslides. Some observers
have reported soil
“gasification,” where the silica
in the soils has been melted and
fused, forming an impermeable
layer in the soil; however,
research has yet to document
the extent, frequency, and
duration of this condition, and
the soil and burning conditions
under which it occurs.
 Others have noted that “Even
the most intense forest fire will
preventions
 a n l
y
a on t ro
g w c
v in t o
s a a y
e w
Tim ctive
e f e f re
e s t
f or
 The preventive measures for forest fires
include some preemptive methods that can
help reduce the risks of fires and control
their severity and spread, and thus,
maintain ecological balance and protect
resources. Close monitoring of forest fires
caused by natural factors can help prevent
their spread to a large extent. To contain
forest fires, fire departments usually use
water and chemical fire retardants that can
be dropped from planes and helicopters.
 Controlled or prescribed burns are often
employed by government authorities to
reduce fuel buildup, and clean up the
debris, and thus, prevent the spread of
forest fires to a vast area. Periodic
prescribed burns can also help maintain
biodiversity, as the smoke and heat
produced in the process can facilitate the
germination of seeds of certain plant
species. Apart from these, responsible
human behavior can help reduce the
number of forest fires to a great extent. In
fact, we can reduce the number of wildfires
Forest fires can affect climate and weather to a great
extent, besides causing severe damage to valuable
trees. Wildfires can increase the level of greenhouse
gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons), and thereby
increase pollution and global warming.

However, they are also an important part of the

ecosystem, and many plants depend on the heat and
smoke generated by wildfires for their growth and
reproduction. But large wildfires can cause extensive
damage to the ecosystem, which again highlights the
importance of effective control and prevention of
forest fires.
 e o n
l l a g
Co
fi r e
s t
 Conclusio
n
1 Forest fire is a condition where the forest is
destroyed by fire and soil causes
disadvantages for the ecosystem and
endangerment environmental sustainability……
2 The kind of forest fire are of three types
o Ground fires.
o Surface fires.
o Crown and Arial fires.

3 Forest fires in Indonesia can be caused by

2 factors, natural factor and human factor.
By Group- 1
Members
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