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3 - High Intensity Discharge Lamps Part 2

High intensity discharge (HID) lamps include mercury, sodium, and metal halide lamps. Mercury lamps were first developed in 1901 and were widely used for lighting after improved phosphors were introduced in 1966, though their efficacy peaked at 50 lumens per watt. Sodium lamps use sodium as the primary light emitting material and were invented in 1920. High pressure sodium lamps were developed in 1968 for exterior and industrial lighting due to their long life and lumen maintenance. HID lamps require ballasts to regulate current flow and may use ignitors to initiate the arc for lamps without starting electrodes.

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224 views23 pages

3 - High Intensity Discharge Lamps Part 2

High intensity discharge (HID) lamps include mercury, sodium, and metal halide lamps. Mercury lamps were first developed in 1901 and were widely used for lighting after improved phosphors were introduced in 1966, though their efficacy peaked at 50 lumens per watt. Sodium lamps use sodium as the primary light emitting material and were invented in 1920. High pressure sodium lamps were developed in 1968 for exterior and industrial lighting due to their long life and lumen maintenance. HID lamps require ballasts to regulate current flow and may use ignitors to initiate the arc for lamps without starting electrodes.

Uploaded by

Miko F. Rodriguez
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 3.

HIGH INTENSITY
DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS
3.2.2 MERCURY LAMPS

 High-pressure mercury (vapour) lamp are HID lamp in


which the major portion of the light is produced, directly
or indirectly, by radiation from mercury operating at a
partial pressure in excess of 100 kilopascals.
3.2.2 MERCURY LAMPS

This term covers clear, phosphor coated


(mercury fluorescent) and blended lamps. In a
fluorescent mercury discharge lamp, the light is
produced partly by the mercury vapour and
partly by the layer of phosphors excited by the
ultraviolet radiation of the discharge.
3.2.2 MERCURY LAMPS
 First developed in 1901
 Became widely used for roadway lighting after the development
of long-life lamps in 1960 and began to be used for indoor
general lighting after improvedcolor or "deluxe white"
phosphors were introduced in 1966.
 The efficacy of mercury lamps that peaked at about 50 lumens
per watt together with relatively poor depreciation
characteristics has made the mercury lamp obsolete for energy-
efficient lighting.
3.2.3 LOW-PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS

 Low-pressure sodium (vapour) lamps are discharge lamps in


which the light is produced by radiation from sodium vapour
operating at a partial pressure of 0.1 pascal to 1.5 pascal
 Invented first in 1920 by Arthur H. Compton at Westinghouse.
The first lamp was a round bulb with two electrodes on each
side.
3.2.3 LOW-PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS
 Use sodium as the primary light emitting material. LPS lamps
relatively have good performance characteristics and operate at
higher efficacies than of fluorescent or other type of HID lamps.
 Applications
• Security, roadway, tunnel & other similar application where color
rendering and appearance are not of concern.
3.2.4 HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS
 High-pressure sodium (vapour) lamp are high-intensity
discharge lamps in which the light is produced mainly by
radiation from sodium vapour operating at a partial pressure of
the order of 10 kilopascals.
 Developed and introduced in 1968 as energy-efficient sources
for exterior, security, and some industrial lighting applications.
 Do not contain starting electrodes.
TYPICAL HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP
CONFIGURATIONS
(A) UNIVERSAL BURNING POSITION.

 Burning Position. The position in which a lamp is designed to


operate for maximum performance & safety.
• Universal burn (bulb can be operated in any position)
 HPS lamps, unlike most metal halides, do not require enclosure
except to prevent moisture from accumulating on the lamp. This
makes HPS lamps especially easy to use in many fixture types.
(B) UNIVERSAL POSITION DIRECTIONAL HPS
LAMPS.

 Useful for compact directional light sources, such as track


lighting and outdoor lighting luminaires.
 Limits the usefulness to specific industrial and security
floodlighting and general lighting applications.
(C) DOUBLE-ENDED HPS LAMPS.

 Designed to take advantage of luminaires and lighting


installations originally designed for the double-ended metal
halide lamp.
 Offers comparable lumen output, but offers HPS’ longer life and
excellent lumen maintenance characteristics.
(D) WHITE SODIUM LAMPS.

 Offer lamp life and lumen maintenance characteristics similar to


those of other HPS lamps whose color temperatures and CRI
may be unsuitable for many interior spaces.
 Ballast designs for “white” HPS lamps employ electronic circuits
designed to increase color temperature and CRI.
3.2.5 BALLASTS AND IGNITORS

 HID lamps require ballasts to regulate the arc current flow and
to deliver the proper voltage to the arc.
 Depending on the lamp design, some larger metal halide lamps
employ a starting electrode within the lamp to initiate the arc.
 Smaller metal halide and HPS lamps, on the other hand, do not
contain starting electrodes.
3.2.5 BALLASTS AND IGNITORS

 An external electronic starting circuit associated with the


ballast generates this pulse. This circuit is commonly called an
ignitor.
 The primary benefit of electronic HID ballast is more precise
management of the lamp’s arc tube wattage over life.
 With few exceptions, high-frequency operation does not
increase HID lamp efficacy.
3.2.6 LAMP DIMMING

 HID lamps are designed to be operated only at rated power.


Anything less will compromise performance. This usually affects
the efficacy, life and color.
 HID dimming requires specialized ballasts and dimming
electronics. Specifiers should carefully evaluate proposed
systems with respect to warrantee responsibility in case of
system performance problems.
3.2.7 LAMP STARTING AND RESTRIKE

 HID lamps start in a “glow” state or at a very low output


before reaching its full brilliance.
 Starting the arc initially may take a few seconds and the
duration of the warm-up period can range from 2 to 10
minutes depending on the lamp and ballast characteristics.
 Restrike. To re-ignite the arc of a HID lamp.
3.2.8 LAMP LIFE AND FAILURE MODE

 The lamp life and failure of HID lamps varies considerably


depending on the type, burning orientation, size and
configuration. Near the end of lamp life, many HID lamps will
exhibit a noticeable degree of color shift, which may be
objectionable in some applications.
3.2.8.1 METAL HALIDE.
 The subsequent blackening and failure of the arc tube or seals,
or the loss of sodium through the wall of the quartz arc tube
are due to cathode deterioration.
 Arc tubes in lamps that are burned continuously are more likely
to rupture at end-of-life; manufacturers recommend that such
systems be turned off at least once a week to minimize the
chances of such failures.
3.2.8.2 STANDARD HIGH-PRESSURE SODIUM.

 Loss of sodium through the ceramic wall of the arc tube causes
the operating voltage of the lamp to rise beyond what the
ballast can supply.
 The lamp then "cycles" on and off as the ballast tries
unsuccessfully to maintain the arc. The arc tube seals can also
crack and leak sodium into the space between the arc tube and
outer bulb of the lamp.
3.2.8.3 LOW-MERCURY HPS LAMPS.

 These "unsaturated" HPS lamps drop significantly in light output


when their sodium is lost. When this happens, color shifts to
blue (depending upon design) which signal their end-of-life.
3.2.8.4 NO-MERCURY HPS LAMPS.

 Xenon may be used as substitute for mercury vapor as a buffer


gas so that the arc tube of these HPS lamps contains only
xenon and sodium. Xenon, however, shifts the chromaticity of
the discharge towards green color appearance of these lamps.
3.2.9 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

 HID lamps are among the most energyefficient lamp


technologies available. The most efficacious HID sources are
standard high-pressure sodium lamps, ranging from 65 (40-watt
lamp) to about 130 lumens per watt (1000-watt lamp).
3.2.9 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

 Metal halide lamps range from 55 (40-watt open fixture lamp)


to 110 lumens per watt for a 1000-watt horizontal high-output
lamp.
 White sodium lamps have the lowest efficacy of the HID
sources, producing between 40 and 50 lumens per watt (about
the same as a CFL)
 As a safety measure, HID lamps should not be operated 24
hours a day and 7 days a week.

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