Upstream Process

Engineering Course
3. Environment Management

Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 1
 Environment

Environmental Impacts

• Atmospheric emissions
• Aqueous discharges
• Solid waste
• Landtake / Footprint / Habitat / Biodiversity
• Community - noise, odour, migration, disease
• Abandonment, liabilities

Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 2
 Management of Environmental Impacts
• Policy goals and expectations - BU Performance Contract
• BU Environmental Management System
• Environmental Impact Assessment of major projects
– Recommendations - Project database
– Set operating constraints
– Obtain permits to operate
– BP implements world-wide
• HSE considerations form part of FM approval process
• HSE audits throughout life of operations
• Emission Targets
– Year on Year reduction - HC target
– CO2 target - Measure and report
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 3
 Atmospheric Emissions

• Combustion Products
energy production CO2 CO
gas flaring NOx SOx
cold venting NMHC
well testing

• Evaporation / Leakage
produced / treated gases halon H2S
gases used on installation CFC NMHC CH4

Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 4
 Energy Production

POWER HEAT
GAS TURBINES / DIESEL ENGINES ELECTRIC / GAS FIRED HEATERS
PROCESS HEAT / EXHAUST GAS

• Compression / pumping of • Process heating.

gas & oil for transport. • Sea water desalination.
• Gas & water injection into • General platform heating.
reservoir. • Glycol regeneration.
• Gas recompression after
separation.
• Drilling
• Process support / utilities.
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 5
 Gas Flaring / Cold Venting

Pressure relief / commissioning / start-up / maintenance /

shutdown / flare purge / blanket gas / glycol regeneration /
deoxygenation of seawater

Released hydrocarbons

direct to atmosphere COLD VENT

OR
burnt FLARE

Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 6
 Evaporation / Leakage

• Offshore oil loading.

– Typical 0.1% by wt of loaded crude for RVP 10, 0.05% for RVP 5,
• Drilling fluid system.
• Leakage from valves, gaskets etc.
• Produced water treatment system.
• Equipment maintenance.
• Oil storage tanks.
• Well clean up.
• Leakage of halon from fire fighting equipment.
• Leakage of CFCs from refrigeration equipment.
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 7
 Environmental Effects
• CO2 greenhouse gas - global
• CH4 greenhouse gas - global
• Halon ozone depletion, greenhouse gas
- global
• CFC ozone depletion - global (ozone
depletion coeff’ts)
• HCFCs ozone depletion - global
• SO2 acid rain - regional
• NOx acid rain - regional
• NMHC together with NOx in sunlight,
form PAN and other photochemical
pollutants - regional
• CO poisonous gas - local
• H2S strong odour, poisonous gas -
local

Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 8
 Atmospheric Emissions Constraints
STATUTORY
• Flaring - flare consent
• PPC Permit Applications > 50 MW Thermal
– Best Available Technique (BAT)
– Energy Efficiency
• Halon / CFC / HCFC
– phase out under Montreal Protocol 1989 and subsequent international
agreements (including EC regulations).
– Due to HCFC phase out, new refrigerants being evaluated e.g. Propane,
ammonia.
• Emissions Trading Scheme
– Phase I 2005-2007 Combustion CO2
– Phase II 2008-2012 Combustion and Flare CO2

Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 9
 Aqueous Discharges

ROUTINE NON ROUTINE

• Produced water • Spills
• Chemical usage and • Blow outs
discharge • Pipeline ruptures.
• Drilling fluid discharges
• Drainage water
• Displacement water
• Black and grey water
• Cooling water

Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 10
 Produced Water

PRODUCED WATER POSSIBLE COMPONENTS

• Produced with oil and gas. • Dispersed oil
• Separated from h/c for • Dissolved hydrocarbon
discharge. • Heavy metals
• Overboard discharge. • Radionuclides
• Re-inject into reservoir for • Biocides and chemicals.
pressure support or into
another zone. Possible
problems of scaling if
mixed with seawater.

Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 11
 Chemical Usage & Discharge

USAGE DISCHARGE
• Wax inhibitor • With produced water
• Hydrate inhibitor • Via drains system -
• Scale inhibitor hazardous/non-hazardous
• Corrosion inhibitor • With drill cuttings (either
• Demulsifiers to sea or onshore for
disposal).
• Drilling additives
• Biocides

Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 12
 Drilling Fluids

• OBM & No discharge to sea (unless <1% oil on

Cuttings cuttings). Collection for onshore disposal.

• WBM & Discharge to sea permitted. Administered by

Cuttings DTI under the chemical regulations.

• SBM & Administered by DTI under chemical regs.

Cuttings No discharge to sea permitted unless <1% oil
on cuttings.

DTI control via the Petroleum Operator’s Notice (PON) 15B

Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 13
 Environmental Effects

• Hydrocarbons Biological oxygen demand,

persistence.
• Chemicals Toxicity, bioaccumulation.
• Sedimentation Toxicity, burial, bioaccumulation.
• Drainage Biological oxygen demand.
• LSA Scale Radioactivity.
• Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation, toxicity.

Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 14
 Aqueous Discharge Constraints

STATUTORY
• Produced water: 30mg/l.
• Chemicals: Permit to discharge from DTI under the
Offshore Chemical Regulations.
• Drainage water: 40ppm oil in water.

OSPAR
• 15% reduction of oil in produced water by 2006 cf 2000
• Administered under the Oil Pollution Prevention and
Control Regulation 2005 (OPPC)

Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 15
 Solid Waste
WASTE TYPES DISPOSAL - STATUTORY
• Hazardous waste • Hazardous waste -
• General solid waste onshore disposal.
• Drill cuttings • General solid waste: (with
• LSA Scale exception of ground food
waste) – Duty of Care.
• Naturally Occurring • Drill cuttings: Grind up &
Radioactive Material discharge to sea except
(NORM) where OBM/SBM used -
• Sand ship to shore.
• Sand offshore under
OPPC

Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 16
 Environmental Statement

• Offshore Petroleum Production & Pipelines (Assessment

of Environmental Effects) Regulations 1999.

• Requires Environmental Statement to be produced for new

developments, well appraisals, subsea tie-backs etc.

• Consultation period - available in public domain.

• Requires identification of all environmental hazards,

environmental effects and mitigation methods.
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 17
 Environmental Statement
Non Technical Summary
1. Introduction
Scope i
1.1. Purpose of the Project 1-1
Environmental Management ii
1.2. Purpose of Environmental Statement 1-2
Concept Selection ii

1.3. Scope of Environmental Statement 1-2

Development Concept ii

Environmental Description iii 1.4. Legislative Overview 1-2

Environmental Effects iii

1.5. Environmental Management Within BP 1-4
Mitigation Measures iv
1.6. Areas of Uncertainty 1-6
Habitats iv
1.7. Consultation Process 1-7
Main Conclusions iv

Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 18
 Environmental Statement
4. Baseline Environment

4.1. Physical Environment

2.1. Nature of the Reservoir 2-1
4.2. Biological Environment

2.2. Options Selection 2-2 4.3. Ecologically Important Sites

4.4. Socio-Economic Environment

3. Nature of the Proposed Development
4.5. Overview

3.1. Drilling 3-1 5. Environmental Assessment

5.1. EA Methodology
3.2. Infield Subsea Infrastructure 3-8
6. Assessment of Potential Impacts and Control Measures

3.3. Modifications to Bruce 3-14 6.1. Drilling Phase

6.2. Subsea Phase

3.4. Production 3-17
6.3 Modifications to Bruce

6.4. Production Phase

3.5 Changes to Bruce 3-21
6.5. Other Issues

3.5. Pipeline Shut Down and Start Up 3-22 7. Conclusions

7.1. Environmental Effects

3.6. Decommissioning 3-23
7.2. Minimising the Environmental Impact

Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd The Environment VSep 06
Upstream Process Engineering Course 19