A Neanderthal wax

figure on display at the

Neanderthal Museum in
Mettmann, Germany
5
A. Completion. The map on page 82 shows the likely migration routes
of our human ancestors as they populated the world. Study the map
and complete the sentences below.

1. The first modern humans began spreading out from the

Africa
continent of _______________.
2. The continent most recently populated by modern humans is
South America
_______________.
3. Modern humans crossed over to North America from the
Asia
continent of _______________.
40,000–30,000
4. Europe was populated by modern humans _______________
years ago.

U5A-p.80
5A

U5A-p.81
Reading Comprehension

Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question.

Gist 1. Another title for this reading could be _____.

a. Finding Y-Chromosome Adam
b. Who Were the First Humans?
c. What DNA Teaches Us About Our History
d. The Discovery of DNA in Africa
Paraphrase 2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to Every drop of
human blood contains a history book written in the language of
our genes in lines 28–29?
a. A drop of blood contains genetic information that can reveal a
person’s ancestral history.
b. The organization of information in a history book is similar to
the organization of DNA within a gene.
c. Every drop of blood contains enough DNA information to fill
many history books.
d. Although people speak different languages, all human blood
contains the same language.

U5A-p.84
 Detail 3. What happened to the first group of humans that moved from
Africa into Asia?
a. Most of the migrants turned back into Africa.
b. They divided into two groups.
c. Most of the migrants moved directly into Europe.
d. They stayed in the Middle East for tens of thousands of years.
Sequence 4. Which area was first to be populated by human migrants?
a. Europe
b. Australia
c. western Asia
d. South America
Vocabulary 5. In line 88, the word imperceptible could be replaced with _____.
a. unnoticeable
b. unpredictable
c. illogical
d. unbelievable

U5A-p.84
 Detail 6. Which of the following is NOT cited as evidence for the great
migration to Australia?
a. archeological evidence discovered in Asia
b. DNA of people in Southeast Asia
c. DNA of native people in Australia
d. discovery of human remains in Australia
Fact or Theory 7. Which statement is theory, not a fact?
a. Mutations are easiest to find in mtDNA and in the Y
chromosome.
b. Almost no archeological evidence of the human journey from
Africa to Australia has been found.
c. Bodies discovered at Lake Mungo are about 45,000 years
old.
d. Humans traveled along the coast of a land bridge between
Siberia and Alaska

U5A-p.84
Reading Skill

Understanding Relative Clauses (I)

Writers use relative clauses to give additional information about people or things
without starting another sentence. Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses.
We use who and whom for people, which for things, and that for either.

I spoke with a man who / that knew a lot about early human populations.
He talked about a theory which / that explains how humans migrated.

When the relative pronoun acts as a subject of the clause (see above), we must
keep the pronoun. Otherwise, it is optional.

The man (who / whom / that) I spoke to was a professor.

The theory (which / that) he talked about made a lot of sense.
Be careful: that can also follow certain verbs (e.g., show, suggest, indicate) to
introduce a clause, so it is not always a relative pronoun.

Genetic evidence indicates that humans left Africa as long as 70,000 years
ago.

U5A-p.85
A. Analyzing. Underline the relative clauses in each sentence.

1. For decades, the only proof was found in a small number of scattered
bones and artifacts( that)our ancestors left behind on their journeys.
2. They now calculate that all living humans are related to a single woman
who lived roughly 150,000 years ago in Africa.
3. One group stalled temporarily in the Middle East, while the other
commenced a journey which would last tens of thousands of years.
4. The mutations (which) they possess show that they are descendants of
the group that stayed in the Middle East for thousands of years before
moving on.
5. About the same time as modern humans pushed into Europe, some of
the same group that had paused in the Middle East spread east into
Central Asia.
6. Most scientists believe that today’s Native Americans descend from
ancient Asians who crossed from Siberia to Alaska in the last ice age.
7. Genetic researchers can only tell us the basic outlines of a story of
human migration that is richer and more complex than any ever written.
U5A-p.85
Vocabulary Practice

A. Completion. Complete the information using the correct form of words

from the box. Three words are extra.

bulk conquer descendants identical immense

mainland proof roughly scatter trace

Before modern humans, or Homo sapiens,

migrated out of Africa perhaps 60,000 years
ago, scientists tell us that another group,
Neanderthals, had occupied Europe and Asia
roughly
for 1. ____________ 200,000 years. Although
there were probably no more than 15,000 of
them at their population’s peak, groups of
scattered
Neanderthals were 2. ____________ over
immense
a(n) 3. ____________ area throughout
Europe, into the Middle East, and even as far
east as Mongolia.
˄ Neanderthals used simple
tools to hunt for food.

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In 1856, the first Neanderthal bones were found in Germany’s Neander
Valley by workers digging for stones. These thick bones indicated that
Neanderthals were shorter than modern humans, but physically stronger.
Their tools were rough and simple, and not as refined as those of later
Homo sapiens. Additionally, their food was not as varied; the
bulk
4. ____________ of their diet was the meat of large and medium-sized
animals. At some point after modern humans entered Europe and Asia,
the Neanderthals vanished from Earth. The reason for their
disappearance remains a mystery. There are, however, a number of
conquered their lands, they
theories. As modern Homo sapiens 5. ____________
may have killed the Neanderthals off. Other possible causes include
diseases introduced by the newcomers, or climate change.

Another theory was that the Neanderthals had children with Homo
sapiens, and gradually became part of their group. However, 1997 DNA
analysis by geneticist Svante Pääbo and his colleagues at the University
of Munich determined that Neanderthal DNA is not included in the DNA
proof
of modern humans. This is rather convincing 6. ____________ that the
majority of Neanderthals probably died out, and people alive today are
descendants
not their 7. ____________.

U5A-p.86
B. Definitions. Match words from the box in A with their definitions below.

mainland
1. ____________: the largest part of a country or continent,
contrasted to the islands around it
identical
2. ____________: similar in every detail; exactly alike
trace
3. ____________: to find or discover something by investigation
proof
4. ____________: a piece of evidence showing that something is
true or exists
descendants related people in later generations
5. ____________:
conquer
6. ____________: to take complete control of another group’s land
by force

Word Partnership Use proof with: (adj.) convincing proof,

final proof, living proof; (v.) have proof, need proof, offer proof,
provide proof, require proof, show proof.

U5A-p.86
 5B

˄ Anthropologists believe the Polynesians are descendants of an earlier group of Pacific Ocean
explorers called the Lapita. Together, they expanded their world to include nearly every island in
the Pacific Ocean. Why did these brave adventurers sail their canoes over the horizon? How did
they locate and colonize hundreds of distant islands scattered across nearly a third of the Earth?

U5B-p.87
Before You Read
A. Matching. Read the information in the caption and match each word
in bold with its definition.

expanded
1. _______________: became larger
anthropologists scientists who study people and/or cultures
2. _______________:
canoes
3. _______________: wooden boats of a traditional style
horizon
4. _______________: the line where the sky seems to meet the
land or sea
colonize
5. _______________: to settle a new place and establish control
over it

U5B-p.87
B. Scan. Scan the captions on pages 87–91 to find the answers to
these questions.

a 1. What was uncovered in Vanuatu?

a. a pot b. a canoe c. bones
a 2. The Lapita were _____.
a. ocean explorers b. anthropologists c. traders
b 3. How long ago did the Lapita people travel east from New Guinea?
a. 1,000 years ago b. 3,000 years ago c. 5,000 years ago

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Reading Comprehension

Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question.

Gist 1. Another title for this reading could be _____.

a. How Ancient Peoples Explored the Pacific
b. How El Niño Helped the Lapita
c. The Race Between the Lapita and the Polynesians
d. The Myth That the Lapita Explored the Pacific
Reference 2. The phrase these amazing voyagers on line 21 refers to _____.
a. men who went to the moon
b. the Lapita and early Polynesians
c. today’s Polynesians
d. Manutea Owen and the people of Bora Bora
Fact or Theory 3. Which of the following statements is a fact, not a theory?
a. The Lapita followed smoke from volcanoes to find new islands.
b. Lapita sailors knew how to sail against the wind.
c. The Lapita stopped exploring when the weather changed.
d. No one has found an intact Lapita canoe.

U5B-p.92
 Detail 4. How might El Niño have assisted early Pacific sailors?
a. by making the water temperature more comfortable
b. by reversing the direction of the trade winds
c. by making tacking easier
d. by providing more wood to build canoes
Detail 5. What is true for both the Lapita and the early Polynesians?
a. They reached South America.
b. They may have been helped by El Niño.
c. They colonized New Caledonia and Samoa.
d. Their navigational techniques are well understood.
Paraphrase 6. What does Irwin mean by they wanted to go and see what was
over the horizon in lines 135–136?
a. They were motivated by a curiosity about new places.
b. They hoped for greater security in faraway places.
c. They desired better living conditions on other islands.
d. They needed to find food and fresh water overseas.
Main Idea 7. What would be a good heading for the final paragraph?
a. A Mystery Solved
b. Descendants of the Lapita
c. But Why Did They Go?
d. An Uncertain Future

U5B-p.92
Reading Skill

Synthesizing Information

When you read a passage, it’s important to read all the information
related to the text. This can include footnotes, photo captions, charts,
graphs, timelines, and maps. They can contain important information
that you may need to combine with information from the text to fully
comprehend the passage.

A. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question.

b 1. In the photo on page 88, where might the Hokule’a be returning from,
based on the Polynesian migration route?
a. Australia
b. the Marquesas Islands
c. New Guinea
d. South America

U5B-p.93
a 2. Which people probably created the pot in the photo
on page 89?
a. the Lapita
b. Polynesians
c. Hawaiian
d. Cook Islanders
c 3. Which of these is NOT an archipelago?
a. Tuamotu
b. the Solomon Islands
c. Easter Island
d. the Philippines
a 4. If the usual trade winds were reversed due to El Niño,
where might someone sailing from French Polynesia
end up?
a. Easter Island
b. the Cook Islands ˄ A restored moai at
Rapa Nui National Park,
c. Hawaii Easter Island. These
d. New Zealand moai were symbols of
authority and power for
ancient Polynesians.

U5B-p.93
Vocabulary Practice

A. Completion. Complete the information by circling the correct word in

each pair.

Fifteen years ago, most experts would have agreed that the first
people in the Americas arrived by walking across a land bridge that
crossed the Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska. They then
traveled south through an open area of ground between great sheets
of ice that 1. (navigated / stretched) across North America at that
time. Today, however, this theory is being challenged.

An alternative theory suggests that instead of a single first migration,

various groups of people came to the Americas at 2. (intervals /
analogies) spaced well apart in time. Another theory proposes that
ancient people might have 3. (outdone / navigated) their way along
the shoreline using kayaks, just as adventurous tourists do today.

U5B-p.94
Looking at ancient tools found in America, archeologist
Dennis Stanford noticed that their shape was similar to
tools used by the Solutrean culture of southwestern
Europe. He thinks it is 4. (conceivable / intact) that
people of that culture may have kayaked across the
Atlantic from Europe to America.

The science of archeology often produces theories that

are based on very small bits of evidence. Today’s
archeologists know that being 5. (stubborn / intact)
and holding on to one theory while shutting out the
others isn’t good science. As new evidence is
discovered that 6. (reveres / disrupts) existing theories,
they adjust those theories to explain the new facts.
˄ Archeologists discovered a
digging stick in Chile. They
estimate it to be about
12,500 years old.

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B. Words in Context. Complete each sentence with the correct
answer.

a 1. A person who is revered is highly _____.

a. respected b. feared
a 2. Two things that are analogous are _____.
a. similar b. different
b 3. If an ancient tool is found intact, it is _____.
a. broken b. complete
b 4. Someone who wants to outdo others is _____.
a. caring b. competitive
a 5. Someone who is stubborn usually _____ their opinion.
a. sticks to b. changes
˄ Archeologists
Thesaurus stubborn Also look up: discovered a
digging stick in
(adj.) determined, adamant, Chile. They
persistent, headstrong, steadfast, estimate it to be
relentless about 12,500
years old.

U5B-p.94