Computer Graphics

P Kadebu
 Light energy of different wavelengths and
frequency
 Light energy is made up of photons
 Prism – Light energy gets refracted and changes
speed to produce 7 colors.
 Light energy varies directly with frequency. The
higher the frequency, the higher is going to be the
energy.
 Different wavelength, different frequency gives
rise to different colors.
 Visible light has wavelength of 10-6
 Eyes are made of cones.
 Cones are trichromatic.
 We detect only 3 colors that is Red, Green and
Blue.
 Rods are sensitive to low light.
 Cones are sensitive to high light
 Objects are made up of different atoms. They
can:
 absorb light
 Scatter light
 Refract light
 Reflect light
 Do nothing
 RGB
 CYM
 CYMK
 HSL
 YIQ
 Describes properties and behaviour of a color
in a particular context
 6~7M Cones are the sensors in the eye
 3 principal sensing categories in eyes
 Red light 65%, green light 33%, and blue light 2%
 In 1931, CIE(International Commission on
Illumination) defines specific wavelength values to
the primary colors
 B = 435.8 nm, G = 546.1 nm, R = 700 nm
 However, we know that no single color may be called
red, green, or blue
 Secondary colors: G+B=Cyan, R+G=Yellow,
R+B=Magenta
 Primary color of pigments
 Color that subtracts or absorbs a primary
color of light and reflects or transmits the
other two
By additivity of colors:
Any color inside the
triangle can be produced
by combinations of the
three initial colors

RGB gamut of
monitors

Color gamut of
printers
 Color model, color space, color system
 Specify colors in a standard way
 A coordinate system that each color is
represented by a single point

 RGB model
Suitable for hardware or
 CYM model applications

 CYMK model
 HSI model - match the human description
 Pixel depth: the number of bits used to
represent each pixel in RGB space
 Full-color image: 24-bit RGB color image
 (R, G, B) = (8 bits, 8 bits, 8 bits)
 C, M and Y are supposed to be missing to
become black
 However it does not become black but brown
 The amount of black can be found and
removed
 CMY: secondary colors of light, or
primary colors of pigments
 Used to generate hardcopy output
 Transformation matrix of conversion from
CMY to RGB

 C  1  R 
M   1  G 
    
 Y  1  B 
 Will you describe a color using its R, G, B
components?
 Humans describe a color by its hue, saturation,
and brightness
 Hue : color attribute
 Saturation: purity of color (white->0, primary color-
>1)
 Brightness: achromatic notion of intensity
  RGB -> HSI model Colors on this triangle
Have the same hue

Intensity
line
saturation
HSI model
 R,G,B Hue

intensity
saturation
 Interface for selecting colors often use a color model
based on intuitive concepts rather than a set of primary
colors
 The HSV parameters
 Color parameters are hue (H), saturation (S) and value
(V)
 Derived by relating the HSV parameters to the
direction in the RGB cube
 Obtain a color hexagon by viewing the RGB cube along
the diagonal from the white vertex to the origin
 The HSV hexcone
 Hue is represented as an angle about the vertical axis
ranging from 0 degree at red to 360 degree
 Saturation parameter is used to designate the purity of
a color
 Value is measured along a vertical axis through center
of hexcone
 Color components:
 Hue (H) ∈ [0°, 360°]
 Saturation (S) ∈ [0, 1]
 Value (V) ∈ [0, 1]
 A pixel at (x,y) is a vector in the color space
 RGB color space

 R( x, y) 
c( x, y)  G( x, y)
 B( x, y) 
c.f. gray-scale image

f(x,y) = I(x,y)
 Per-color-component processing
 Process each color component
 Vector-based processing
 Process the color vector of each pixel
 When can the above methods be equivalent?
 Process can be applied to both scalars and vectors
 Operation on each component of a vector must be
independent of the other component
 Similar to gray scale processing studied before,
we have to major categories
 Pixel-wise processing
 Neighborhood processing
 Similar to gray scale transformation
 g(x,y)=T[f(x,y)]
 Color transformation

si  Ti (r1 , r2 ,..., rn ) , i  1,2,..., n

 Note: transform to HSI requires complex

 CMY color space

 si = k ri +(1-k)
 Recall the pseudo-color intensity slicing

1-D intensity
 How to take a region of colors of interest?

prototype color
prototype color

Sphere region Cube region

Neighborhood
Centered at (x,y)

1 
  R ( x, y ) 
 K ( x , y )S xy 
1 
c( x, y )    G ( x, y )  per-component processing
 K ( x , y )S xy 
1 
 K  B ( x, y ) 
 ( x , y )S xy 
original R

G G

H S I
 Smooth I
RGB model in HSI model difference