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BasIc Structure of Computer

Modern computers can be categorized as embedded, personal, servers/enterprise, or supercomputers/grid computers. The basic structure of computers includes input, memory, arithmetic and logic, output, and control units. Information is received as input, stored in memory, processed using arithmetic and logic functions, and output. The control unit coordinates all other units. Computation is governed by instructions that load data, perform operations, and store results.

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Jayvee Coliao
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44 views

BasIc Structure of Computer

Modern computers can be categorized as embedded, personal, servers/enterprise, or supercomputers/grid computers. The basic structure of computers includes input, memory, arithmetic and logic, output, and control units. Information is received as input, stored in memory, processed using arithmetic and logic functions, and output. The control unit coordinates all other units. Computation is governed by instructions that load data, perform operations, and store results.

Uploaded by

Jayvee Coliao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Structure of

Computers

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Computer Types:
Modern computers can be
divided roughly into four
general categories:

1. Embedded Computers
 Used for a specific
purposed rather than for
general processing tasks.

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Computer Types:
2. Personal Computers
 Used for dedicated
individual use such as
general computation,
document preparation,
computer-aided design,
audio-visual
entertainment,
interpersonal
communication, and
Internet browsing.

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Computer Types:
3. Servers and Enterprise
Systems
 Large computers shared
by a potentially large
number of users who
access them from some
form of personal
computer over a public or
private network.

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Computer Types:
4. Supercomputers and
Grid Computers
 Offers the highest
performance and are the
most expensive and
physically the largest
category of computers.

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


What is Cloud Computing?
 Where the personal
computer users access
widely distributed
computing and storage
server resources for
individual, independent,
computing needs through
the Internet.

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:

Five Parts:
1. Input
2. Memory
3. Arithmetic and Logic
4. Output
5. Control Units

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
1. Input Unit
 Accepts coded information from
human operation.

2. Memory Unit
 Is the location where the information
received is stored.

3. Arithmetic and Logic


 The processing steps are specified by
a program that is also stored in the
memory.

4. Output Unit
 Where the result are sent back to the
outside world.

5. Control Unit
 Coordinates all actions.

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
Information Categories:
 Instructions  Data
 Machine Instruction  Numbers and
 Govern the transfer of characters that are used
information within a as operands by
computer as well as instructions
between the computer
and its I/O devices
 Specify the arithmetic
and logic operations to
be performed

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
Input Unit
 Accepts coded
information
 Most common input
device is the keyboard,
touchpad, mouse,
joystick, microphones
etc.

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
Memory Unit
 Primary/Main Memory
 Fast memory that
operates at electronic
speed
 Consists of a large
numbers of
semiconductor storage
cells representing one
bit of information
 Read or written in a
fixed size called words
 Address – provides
easy access to any
word in a memory,
provides location of a
word

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
Memory Unit
 RAM
 Any location cam be
accessed in a short
and fixed amount of
time
 Memory access time
 Required to access
one word
 Ranges from
nanoseconds to
about 100
nanoseconds

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
Cache Memory
 Smaller and faster RAM
unit
 Holds sections of
program that are
currently being executed
 At the program
execution, cache is
empty
 During execution,
instruction are fetched
and placed in the cache

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
Secondary Storage
 Primary storage is
expensive and does not
retain information when
power is turned OFF.
 Less expensive and used
for less frequently
accessed information
 Longer access times
 E.g magnetic disk, DVD,
CD, and flash memory
device

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
(ALU)
 Performs addition,
subtraction,
multiplication and
division or comparison
of numbers
 Operands are brought
to the processor
 Stored in high-speed
storage elements
known as registers

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:

Output Units
 Counterpart of the
input unit
 Send process results to
the outside world

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
Control Units
 Coordinates the
operation of the other
units
 Is the nerve center
that sends control
signals to the other
units and senses their
states
 Generates timing
signals that govern the
transfers

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Basic Operation Concept:
Activity is governed by instructions
Load R2 (LOC)
• Reads the contents of a memory location (LOC) and
loads them to the processor register (R2)
• LOC data are preserved and R2 data are overwritten
Add R4, R2, R3
• R4= R2 + R3
• R4 data are overwritten with the addition result
Store R4, LOC
• LOC data are overwritten

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Basic Operation Concept:
Processor Registers
• Instruction Register
- Holds the current instruction that is executed
• Program Counter
- Contains the memory address of the next instruction to
be fetched and executed
• General Purpose Registers
- Can hold operands for processing and other variety of
functions

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol

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