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Lecture 1 - Lecture 2 - Environmental Control Systems (3681)

The document discusses the historical development of environmental control systems in architecture. It describes how pre-industrial architecture relied on passive design approaches to regulate temperature, light, and air through building envelopes. The Industrial Revolution led to mechanical heating, cooling, lighting, and ventilation replacing natural systems. Later, some architects tried to reconnect with passive design principles in response to energy crises while others rejected climate considerations. The document also covers topics like heat transfer, insulation, psychrometrics, and thermal comfort.

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M Hammad Manzoor
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401 views21 pages

Lecture 1 - Lecture 2 - Environmental Control Systems (3681)

The document discusses the historical development of environmental control systems in architecture. It describes how pre-industrial architecture relied on passive design approaches to regulate temperature, light, and air through building envelopes. The Industrial Revolution led to mechanical heating, cooling, lighting, and ventilation replacing natural systems. Later, some architects tried to reconnect with passive design principles in response to energy crises while others rejected climate considerations. The document also covers topics like heat transfer, insulation, psychrometrics, and thermal comfort.

Uploaded by

M Hammad Manzoor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENVIRONMENTAL

CONTROL SYSTEMS
(3681)

UNIT 1 & UNIT 2

NAZIA IFTAKHAR
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Historical development of Human Settlements.

• Focus of building design:


• Building Envelope as a main design consideration
• Focus was to achieve thermal comfort with the help of
building envelope
• Major design considerations was to avail site conditions.
• Illumination was achieved through day lighting.
• Maximum provision in design to take climatic factors through
light, air, temperature etc. by considering window, openings,
sizes, placements, building orientation etc.
PREINDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE
• Pre-industrial architecture is integration of natural and
subsequent properties by intelligence and experience.

• Natural properties, which are existent conditions and


materials in natural local environment, are climate,
geomorphology and local materials.

• Subsequent properties, which are all anthropological


comparatives, are culture of societies, requirements of
people and construction techniques that people use.

• Bearing wall construction with thick massive exterior walls


which support the weight of entire structures.
INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE
• Yet, after industrialization, technology took technique’s place,
cultural effects are manipulated, requirements are changed
and local/natural properties are almost disappeared in
architecture.
• Radical changes of Industrial Revolution at every level
throughout the world. Structures with metal columns and
girders no longer needed walls for the statics.
• Architects and engineers devised structures undreamed of in
function, size and form.
• Growth of heavy industry brought a flood of new building
materials – cast iron, steel and glass.
• Solid structures replaced by skeleton or framed structures,
making it possible to erect buildings of almost unrestricted
height and width very quickly, using prefabricated elements.
CRYSTAL PALACE
IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
• Thermal qualities of massive construction were replaced
by mechanical heating and cooling systems.

• Inventions and lighting devices for replaced windows and


skylights. Invention of forced ventilation and later air
conditioning changed the concept of natural ventilation.

• Structural frame allows buildings to exceed height with


advance facility for sanitary development in water pumps,
central plumbing and waste treatment system.

• Development in transportation system no longer limited to


economically available local construction materials. Cranes
and excavation equipment change site natural topography.
MODERN MOVEMENT
• Some architects retain the basic principles in modern time
of construction.

• In 20 C architecture, International style of architecture


reflect none of the traditional architecture and may called
energy dependent technologies used in architecture that is
different from shelter oriented styles.

• New buildings now based on technical development with


greater use of energy in every phase of building life.

• Increased energy usage increased the price of building that


is technology dependent and free from the constraints of
climate.
RESPOND TO CLIMATE
• Group of architects worked between two extremes, i.e.
climate-adaptive and climate-rejecting buildings.

• Inventions and lighting devices for replaced windows and


skylights. Invention of forced ventilation and later air
conditioning changed the concept of natural ventilation.

• Structural frame allows buildings to exceed height with


advance facility for sanitary development in water pumps,
central plumbing and waste treatment system.

• Development in transportation system no longer limited to


economically available local construction materials. Cranes
and excavation equipment change site natural topography.
RESPOND TO CLIMATE
Wainwright Building, by
Louis Sullivan
• The very first human
expression of a tall steel
office building as
architecture.
• Solid block shaped similar
to modern architecture
with provision of daylight
access natural ventilation
in the building.
• U shaped building utilize
both natural and
conventional energy
sources.
RESPOND TO CLIMATE
Larkin Building by
Frank Lloyd Wright:

• One of the first sealed


building in which use
of air conditioning by
using evaporative
cooling and filtration.
• Not totally air
conditioned and
humidity was not
controlled. Day light
was controlled with
windows and top
glazed atrium.
RESPOND TO CLIMATE
Seagram Building by
Mies Van der Rohe
• Example of extreme
climate-rejecting large
office building design.
• Use of complete
artificial environmental
control, without
consider day light and
natural ventilation.
POSTINDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE
• With the availability of cheap energy, the international style
was massively energy dependent and depletion of
nonrenewable energy resources and ecological
implications were largely ignored.

• Building design now not confined with the architects only.


Consultation also started with other professional experts.

• Building sector became a major energy consumer. Which


also enhance the building financial cost.

• Use of energy from the design stage to operational stage of


buildings. Not dependent on local available material and
labor. That also increase transportation cost.
PASSIVE SOLAR MOVEMENT
• After 1930s, architects started to design the building by
taking the help of climatic data analysis. Use of applied
climatic design elements had started in design.

• Integration between climatology and architecture through


technology. Balanced shelter approach started to analyze
through calculations.

• Adaptation of shelter according to climate. Climatic data


suitable for building design for specific climatic zones.

• Bioclimatic approach recognized architectural design with


psychological aspects of human comfort. Even by 1970s
passive solar design was popular but limited application of
solar energy.
PASSIVE SOLAR MOVEMENT
PASSIVE SOLAR MOVEMENT
PASSIVE SOLAR MOVEMENT
• Energy conservation in buildings became the part of
overall design. More efforts to develop renewable energy
as national policy.

• Now with more energy shortages and low energy


architectural design, regional and global environmental
concerns are now based on environmental health and
resource conservation.

• Role of fossil fuels, their use in contributing to global


environmental degradation were more recent concern
worldwide.

• Environmental architecture includes building’s impact on


water quality, conservation and plantation etc.
HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
• Heat is the energy of moving molecules in a substance.
Temperature is the measure of the average vibrating
energy in each of the molecules of a substance.

• Heat flows always from warmer to cooler substances. If no


temperature difference there can be no heat transfer.

• The equalizing of temperature is caused by three types of


heat transfer: conduction, radiation and convection.
HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
• Thermal transmittance, the U -value, describes the
insulation capacity of a building structure. The lower the U-
value is, the better insulated the structure is.

• The U-value of a structure depends of the heat transfer


resistance (R) of each layer in the construction. The heat
transfer resistance depends on the thickness (d) and heat
conductivity (λ) of the material.

• The lower the value of heat conductivity is the better the


insulating value of the material. In addition, the thicker the
insulation is the greater the thermal resistance.
PSYCHROMETRY
• Psychrometry is the science of studying the
thermodynamic properties of moist air and the use of these
properties to analyze conditions and processes involving
moist air.

• When designing an air conditioning system, the


temperature and moisture content of the air to be
conditioned and same properties of the air needed to
produce the desired air conditioning effect.

• Therefore, basically the Psychrometry is the study of


MOIST AIR or mixture of dry air and water vapour.
THERMAL COMFORT
• The human body produces heat continuously, in quantities
that depends on the body´s physical activity. The thermal
processes by which the body interacts with its
environment are conduction, convection, radiation and
evaporation.
• The interaction of the heat transfer processes with body´s
heat production is complex. The variables in the equation
are:
• air temperature
• relative humidity
• Clothing
• mean radiant temperature
• air motion
• activity level of person.

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