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Simple Tandem Repeat Polymorphisms (STRPS)

This document discusses simple tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRPs), which are useful DNA markers for individual identification and assessing genetic relatedness. There are two types of STRPs: SSLPs (simple sequence length polymorphisms or microsatellites), which have a repeating unit of 2-9 base pairs, and VNTRs (variable number tandem repeats), which have a repeating unit of 10-60 base pairs. SSLPs are repeated sequences in intergenic DNA regions whose length variance can indicate genetic differences between individuals of a species. VNTRs also show length variations between individuals due to differences in the number of repeated units, allowing them to be used for personal or parental identification.

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199 views

Simple Tandem Repeat Polymorphisms (STRPS)

This document discusses simple tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRPs), which are useful DNA markers for individual identification and assessing genetic relatedness. There are two types of STRPs: SSLPs (simple sequence length polymorphisms or microsatellites), which have a repeating unit of 2-9 base pairs, and VNTRs (variable number tandem repeats), which have a repeating unit of 10-60 base pairs. SSLPs are repeated sequences in intergenic DNA regions whose length variance can indicate genetic differences between individuals of a species. VNTRs also show length variations between individuals due to differences in the number of repeated units, allowing them to be used for personal or parental identification.

Uploaded by

Orpita Das
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Simple Tandem Repeat

Polymorphisms (STRPs)
A type of DNA Polymorphic Marker
Simple Tandem Repeat Polymorphism(STRPs)

 STRP is useful in DNA typing for individual identification


and for assessing the degree of genetic relatedness
between individuals.
 STRPs are of two types
SSLPs – Simple Sequence Length Polymorphism
or microsatellite which has a repeating unit of 2-9
base pairs.
VNTRs – Variable Number Tandem Repeats which
have a repeating unit of 10-60 base pairs.
Simple-Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs)

D
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Probe binds repetitive sequences

SSLPs are repeated sequences over varying base lengths in


intergenic regions of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). Variance in the
length of SSLPs can be used to understand genetic variance
between two individuals in a certain species.
Restriction target sites are outside the repetitive array.
The basic unit of the array is indicated by the arrows.

The number of repeated units in a tandem array is variable. Individuals


heterozygous for different numbers of tandem repeats can be detected,
and the heterozygous site (s) used as a marker (s) for mapping.
Simple Tandem Repeat Polymorphism(STRPs)
Simple Tandem Repeat Polymorphisms (STRPs)

Cleavage at
restriction
sites flanking
the STRP
yields a
unique
fragment
length for
each allele.
The alleles
can also be
distinguished
by the size of
the fragment
amplified by
PCR using
primers that
flank the
STRP.
Variable Number Tandem Repeats
 A Variable Number Tandem Repeat (or VNTR) is a location in
a genome where a short nucleotide is organized as a tandem
repeat. These can be found on many chromosomes, and often
show variations in length between individuals. Each variant acts as
an inherited allele, allowing them to be used for personal or parental
identification.

Variations in VNTRs in 6 individuals


Variable Number Tandem Repeats

 VNTRs located on the short arm


of Chromosome 6 were
amplified by PCR.
 The PCR Products were labeled
with a blue or green fluorescent
marker and resolved on a
polyacrylamide gel.
 Each lane displays the
genetic profile of a different
individual.
 No two individuals will have
the same genetic profile
because each person had a
different set of mini-satellite
variants, which give rise to
bands of different sizes after
PCR.
 The red bands are DNA
markers.
Use of VNTR in genetic analysis

 VNTRs help in genome mapping which helps in crime


investigations.
Genetic Principles in identifying VNTR data:
 Identity Matching- both VNTR alleles from a specific location must

match. If two samples are from the same individual, they must show
the same allele pattern.
 Inheritance Matching- the VNTR alleles must follow the rules of

inheritance. In matching an individual with his parents or children, a


person must have an allele that matches one from each parent. If
the relationship is more distant, such as a grandparent or sibling,
then matches must be consistent with the degree individuals can
have the same VNTR pattern.
Applications of SSLPs
An example of the usage of SSLPs (microsatellites), is seen in a study by
Rosenberg et al., in which Rosenberg and his team used SSLPs to cluster
different continental races.

Rosenberg studied 377 SSLPs in 1000 people in 52 different regions of the


world. By using PCR and Cluster analysis , Rosenberg was able to group
individuals that had the same SSLPs . These SSLPs were extremely useful to
the experiment because they do not affect the phenotypes of the individuals,
thus being unaffected by natural selection.
Other Applications of markers

To study the relation between a inherited disease and the


mutation of that gene which results in a defective protein.
Genetic Markers have also been used to measure the
genomic response to selection in livestock. Natural and
artificial selection leads to a change in the genetic
makeup of the cell. The presence of different alleles due
to a distorted segregation at the genetic markers is
indicative of the difference between selected and non-
selected livestock.
Genetic markers play a role in genetic engineering, where
they produce normal functional genes to replace the
defective ones.
THANKYOU

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