Chapter 7

Integral Calculus

The basic concepts of differential calculus

were covered in the preceding chapter.
This chapter will be devoted to integral
calculus, which is the other broad area of
calculus. The next chapter will be devoted
to how both differential and integral
calculus manipulations can be performed
with MATLAB.

1
 Anti-Derivatives

An anti-derivative of a function f(x) is a new

function F(x) such that

dF ( x)
 f ( x)
dx

2
Indefinite and Definite Integrals

Indefinite
 f ( x)dx

x2
Definite
 x1
f ( x )dx

3
Definite Integral as Area Under the Curve
y yK

y5
y4
y3
y1 y2

a b x
Approximate Area   yk x
k
4
Exact Area as Definite Integral

ydx  lim  yk x
b
 a x  dx
k

5
Definite Integral with Variable Upper
Limit
x
 a
ydx

More “proper” form with “dummy” variable

x
 a
y (u )du

6
Area Under a Straight-Line Segment
y  f ( x)
y2

y1

x1 x2 x
1
ydx   y2  y1  x2  x1 
x2
 x1 2
7
 12
Example 7-1. Determine  0
ydx

y  f ( x)
20 20

4 6 9 12
2 8 x
-10

-20

8
Example 7-1. Continuation.

y  f ( x)
20 20

4 6 9 12
2 8 x
-10

-20
12
 0
ydx  40  0  20  20  0  30  10
9
 x
Example 7-2. Determine  0
ydx

y  f ( x)
20 20

4 6 9 12
2 8 x
-10

-20

10
 Guidelines

1. If y is a non-zero constant, integral is

either increasing or decreasing linearly.
2. If segment is triangular, integral is
increasing or decreasing as a parabola.
3. If y=0, integral remains at previous level.
4. Integral moves up or down from previous
level; i.e., no sudden jumps.
5. Beginning and end points are good
reference levels.

11
(a) y  f ( x)
20 20

4 6 9 12
2 8 x
-10

-20

x x
(b)

0
ydx   f ( x )dx
0

40 40

20
10

2 4 6 8 9 12 x 12
 Tabulation of Integrals

F ( x)   f ( x)dx
b
I   f ( x)dx
a

I  F ( x) a  F (b)  F (a)
b

13
 Table 7-1. Common Integrals.
f ( x) F ( x)   f ( x) dx Integral Number

af ( x) aF ( x) I-1
u ( x)  v( x)
 u ( x)dx   v( x)dx I-2
a ax I-3
x n
 n  1 x n 1 I-4
n 1
e ax e ax I-5
a
1
ln x I-6
x
1
sin ax  cos ax I-7
a
cos ax 1
sin ax I-8
a
1 1
2
sin ax x  sin 2ax I-9
2 4a
14
 Table 7-1. Continuation.
1 1
2
cos ax x  sin 2ax I-10
2 4a
1 x
x sin ax sin ax  cos ax I-11
a2 a
1 x
x cos ax cos ax  sin ax I-12
a2 a
sin ax cos ax 1
sin 2 ax I-13
2a
sin ax cos bx cos( a  b) x cos( a  b) x
 
for a 2  b 2 2( a  b) 2( a  b) I-14

xe ax e ax
 ax  1 I-15
a2
ln x x  ln x  1
I-16
1 1  a
ax 2  b tan 1  x  I-17
ab  b 
15
In Examples 7-3 through 7-5 that
follow, determine the following
integral in each case:

z   ydx

16
 Example 7-3

y  12e 4x

4x
e
z   12e dx  12
4x
C
4
 3e  C
4x

17
 Example 7-4

y  12 x sin 2 x
z   12 x sin 2 xdx
 1 x 
 12  2 sin 2 x  cos 2 x   C
 (2) 2 
 3sin 2 x  6 x cos 2 x  C
18
 Example 7-5
3
y  6x 2

x
 2 3
z    6 x  dx
 x
3
  6 x dx   dx
2

x
6 x3
  3ln x  C
3
 2 x  3ln x  C
3
19
In Examples 7-6 and 7-7 that follow,
determine the definite integral in
each case as defined below.

b
I   ydx
a

20
 Example 7-6

I   sin xdx
0


I   sin xdx   cos x  0

0

  cos     cos 0 
 (1)  (1)  2
21
 Example 7-7
1
I   8xe dx 2 x
0
1
I   8 xe 2 x
dx
0
2 x
e
 8 2  2 x  10
1

(2)
 2e 2
 2(1)  1  2e 0  1
0

2
 6e  2  1.188 22
Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration

a  a(t )  acceleration in meters/second 2 (m/s2 )

v  v(t )  velocity in meters/second (m/s)
y  y (t )  displacement in meters  m 
dv  dv 
 a (t ) dv    dt  a (t )dt
dt  dt 

 dv   a(t )dt  dv  v
23
Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
Continuation

v   a(t )dt  C1
dy  dy 
 v (t ) dy    dt  v(t )dt
dt  dt 
y   v(t )dt  C2

24
Alternate Formulation in Terms of
Definite Integrals

t
v(t )   a(t )dt  v(0)
0

t
y(t )   v(t )dt  y(0)
0

25
Example 7-8. An object experiences
acceleration as given by
2t
a(t )  20e
v(0)  0
y (0)  0
Determine the velocity and displacement.

26
Example 7-8. Continuation.
dv 2 t
 a(t )  20e
dt
20 2t
v(t )   20e dt 
2 t 2 t
e  C1  10e  C1
2
0
v(0)  10e  C1  10  C1  0
C1  10
2t
v(t )  10  10e
27
Example 7-8. Continuation.

y (t )   10  10e 2t

dt
10 2t 2 t
 10t  e  C2  10t  5e  C2
2
0
y (0)  0  5e  C2  5  C2  0
C2  5
t
y(t )  10t  5e  5
28
 Example 7-9. Rework previous
example using definite integral forms.

20 2t 
t
t t
v(t )   a(t )dt  v(0)   20e dt  0  2 t
e 
0 0 2 0
 10e 2 t
  10e 0
  10  10e 2 t

t t t
y (t )   v(t )dt  y (0)   (10  10e )dt  10t  5e
2 t 2 t

0 0 0

 10t  5e 2t  0  5e 0  10t  5e 2t  5

29
Example 7-10. Plot the three
functions of the preceding examples.

2t
a(t )  20e
2t
v(t )  10  10e
2t
y(t )  10t  5e 5

30
 Example 7-10. Continuation.

>> t = 0:0.02:2;
>> a = 20*exp(-2*t);
>> v = 10 -10*exp(-2*t);
>> y = 10*t + 5*exp(-2*t) - 5;
>> plot(t, a, t, v, t, y)

The plots are shown on the next slide.

31
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