INTRODUCTION TO DATA

COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
21-1 Introduction
21-2 History of Data Communication
 OBJECTIVES
• Define the following terms: data, data
communications, data communications
circuit, and data communications
network
• Give a brief description of the evolution
of data communications
1970s
DATA
• Information that is stored in
digital form

• Plural

• Datum- single unit of data

DATA COMMUNICATIONS

• The process of transferring

digital information (usually in
binary form) between two or
more points.
INFORMATION
• Define as knowledge or
intelligence

• Note: Information that has

been processed, organized,
and stored is called data.
DATA COMMUNICATIONS CIRCUIT
• The fundamental purpose of data
communications circuit is to transfer digital
information from one place to another.

• TRANSMISSION, RECEPTION, AND

PROCESSING of digital information
SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DATA
COMMUNICATION NETWORK
• The original source information can be
in analog form such as the human voice
or music, or in digital form such as
binary-coded numbers or alphanumeric
codes.

• If the source information is in analog

form, it must be converted to digital
form at the source and then converted
back to analog form at the destination.
 NETWORK
• A set of devices
(sometimes called
nodes or stations)
interconnected by
media links.
DATA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
• Systems of interrelated computers and
computer equipment
• Can be as simple as a personal computer
connected to a printer or two personal
computers connected together through the
public telephone network.
DATA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
• Can be complex communication system
comprised of one or more mainframe
computers and hundreds, thousands or
even millions of remote terminals,
personal computers, and workstations.
There is virtually no limit to the capacity or size
of data communication network
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATION
• It is highly likely began long before the recorded time
in the form of smoke signals and tom-tom drums.
• Did not involved electricity or electronic apparatus
• Not binary coded
 1953
• One of the earliest means of communicating
electrically occurred.
• Proposal to Scottish magazine
• Suggested running a communications line between
villages
• 26 parallel wires, a letter for each alphabet
• Swiss inventor constructed a prototype
• Current wire-making technology proved the idea
impractical
 1833 - Carl Friedrich Gauss
• Developed an unusual system based on
a five-by-five matrix representing 25
letters (I and J were combined) .
• The idea was to send messages over a
single wire by deflecting a needle to the
right or left between one and five times.
• The initial set of deflections indicated a row and the
second set indicated a column.
• Consequently, it could take as many as 10 deflections to
convey a single character through the system.
1832 – Samuel F. B. Morse
• Invented the telegraph – the
first successful (and practical)
data communication system
• Method – uses binary-coded
electrical signals to transmit
information
• Developed the first practical
data communications code,
which he called the Morse
Code.
 TELEGRAPH
• Dots and dashes (analogous to 1s and 0s)are transmitted
across a wire using electromechanical induction.
• Various combinations of dots, dashes, and pauses
represented binary codes for letters, numbers and
punctuation marks.
• Because all codes did not contain the same number of
dots and dashes, Morse’s system combined human
intelligence with electronics, as decoding was dependent
on the hearing and reasoning ability of the person
receiving the message.
TELEGRAPH
Sir Charles Wheatstone
& Sir William Cooke
• Allegedly invented the first
telegraph in England but
their contraption required
six different wires for a
single telegraph line.
• 1840 – Morse secured an American patent for
telegraph
• 1844 – the first telegraph line was established
between Baltimore and Washington, D. C.
with the first message conveyed over this
system being “What hath God wrought!”

• 1849 – the first slow-speed telegraph printer

was invented
• 1960 – that high-speed (15-bps) printer were
available.
1874 – Emile Baudot
• invented a telegraph
multiplexer, which allowed
signals from up to six
different telegraph
machines to be
transmitted
simultaneously over a
single wire.
 1875 – Alexander Graham Bell

• the telephone was invented

1899 – Guglielmo Marconi

• succeeded in sending radio (wireless) telegraph

messages.
• 1920 - the first commercial radio station
carrying voice information were installed.
• late 1930s - Konrad Zuis, a German engineer,
demonstrated a computing machine; however,
Hitler was preoccupied trying to conquer the
rest of the world , so the project frizzled out.
• 1940 - Belle Telephone Laboratories is given
credit for developing the first special-purpose
computer using electromechanical relays for
performing logical operations.
J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchley
• are given credit by
some for beginning
modern-day
computing when
they developed the
ENIAC computer on
February 14, 1946
at the University of
Pennsylvania
 • 1949 – The U.S.
National Bureau of
Standards developed
the first all-electronic
diode-based computer
capable of executing
stored program.
• The U.S. Census Bureau installed the machine, which
is considered the first commercially produced
American computer.
• 1950s – computer used
punch cards for inputting
information, printers for
outputting information,
and magnetic tape reels
for permanently storing
information. These early
computers could process
only one job at a time
using a technique called
batch processing.
 1951 - UNIVAC
• first general-purpose
computer
• an automatic sequence-
controlled calculator
• developed jointly by
Harvard University and
International Business
Machine (IBM)
Corporation
• built by Remington Rand Corporation
• the first mass-produced electronic computer.
• 1960s- batch-processing were replaced by on-line
processing systems with terminals connected directly
to the computer through serial or parallel
communication lines.
• 1970s- introduce microprocessor-controlled
microcomputers
 1980s
• Personal computers became an essential
item in the home and workplace.
• The number of mainframe computers,
small business computers, personal
computers, and computer terminals has
increased exponentially.
• Soon after the invention of telephone,
the American Telephone and Telegraph
Companies (AT&T) emerged, providing
both long distance and local telephone
service and data communications
service throughout the United States.
• The vast AT&T system was referred to
by some as the “Belle System” and by
others as “Ma Belle.”
1968 – CARTERFONE DESICION
• During this time, Western Union Corporation
provided telegraph service.
• The AT&T operating tariff allowed only AT&T
equipment furnished by AT&T to be connected to
AT&T lines.
• A landmark Supreme Court
decision, the Carterfone
decision, allowed non-Bell
companies to interconnect to
the vast AT&T communications
network.
 1983
• federal government filed antitrust suit
against the AT&T
• AT&T agreed in court settlement to divest
itself of operating companies that provide
basic local telephone service to the various
geographic regions of the United States.
 Recent Developments In The Data
Communication Networking
• Internet
• Intranets
• the World Wide Web (WWW)
• have created a virtual explosion in the
data communications industry.
 INTERNET
• The internet is a public data communications
network used by millions of people all over the world
to exchange business and personal information.
• The internet began to evolved in 1969 at the
Advanced Research Project Agency(ARPA).
• ARPANET was formed in the late 1970s to connect
sites around the United States.
• From the mid-1980s to April 30, 1995, the National
Science Foundation (NFS) founded a high-speed
backbone called NSFNET.
 INTRANETS
• Intranets are private data communications
networks used by many companies to
exchange information among employees and
resources.
• Normally used for security reasons or to
satisfy specific connectivity requirements.
 WWW
• The World Wide Web
(WWW)
• A server-based application
that allows subscriber to
access the services offered
by the web.
• Browsers, such as Netscape Communicator and
Microsoft Internet Explorer, are commonly used for
accessing data over the WWW.