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Rectangular Coördinates

The document discusses rectangular coordinate systems. It defines coordinates as numbers that label points on a line. The origin is where coordinates are (0,0). Positive coordinates are to the right or above the origin, and negative are to the left or below. Ordered pairs (x,y) give the horizontal and vertical coordinates of a point. The x-axis is horizontal and the y-axis is vertical, dividing the plane into four quadrants. Equations relate coordinates, like points on the line x=2 have the x-coordinate of 2, and points on the line y=-3 have the y-coordinate of -3.

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Neri Sangalang
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104 views

Rectangular Coördinates

The document discusses rectangular coordinate systems. It defines coordinates as numbers that label points on a line. The origin is where coordinates are (0,0). Positive coordinates are to the right or above the origin, and negative are to the left or below. Ordered pairs (x,y) give the horizontal and vertical coordinates of a point. The x-axis is horizontal and the y-axis is vertical, dividing the plane into four quadrants. Equations relate coordinates, like points on the line x=2 have the x-coordinate of 2, and points on the line y=-3 have the y-coordinate of -3.

Uploaded by

Neri Sangalang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RECTANGULAR COÖRDINATES

Straight lines
WE WILL BEGIN with vocabulary.
First, a coördinate. A coördinate is
a number. It labels a point on a line.
RECTANGULAR COÖRDINATES
The coördinate 0 is called the origin of
coördinates.
Distances to the right of 0 are labeled with
positive coördinates: 1, 2, 3, etc.
Distances to the left are labeled with negative
numbers: −1, −2, −3, etc.
Each coördinate is the "address" of a distance
and direction from 0.
A coördinate axis is a line with coördinates.
.
RECTANGULAR COÖRDINATES
RECTANGULAR COÖRDINATES
Distances above the origin will have
positive coördinates; distances below,
negative coördinates.
Those axes are called rectangular
coördinate axes, because they are at right
angles to one another. The coördinates on
them are called rectangular coördinates.
RECTANGULAR COÖRDINATES
They are also called Cartesian coördinates,
after the 17th century philosopher and
mathematician René Descartes; for he was
one of the first to realize the possibility of
solving problems of geometry by means of
algebra with the coördinates. Hence we have the
name coördinate geometry or, as it is often
called, analytic geometry
RECTANGULAR COÖRDINATES
RECTANGULAR COÖRDINATES

The pair (2, 3)—over 2 and up 3—


labels a different point than (3, 2):
over 3 and up 2. The horizontal
coördinate—Right or left—is always
entered first. The vertical
coördinate—Up or down—is always
entered second. For that reason,
(3, 2) is called an ordered pair.
RECTANGULAR COÖRDINATES
 The coördinates of the origin are (0, 0). We don't
move right or left and we don't move up or
down. We will see that 0 is an extremely important
coördinate. It means that the point is on one of the
axes. Now the horizontal axis is always called
the x-axis, and the vertical axis is always called
the y-axis. The first coördinate, then, is called
the x-coördinate; the second is called the y-
coördinate. We always write (x, y).
RECTANGULAR COÖRDINATES
 Finally, the coördinate axes divide the
plane into four quadrants:

The first, the second, the third, and the


fourth. We label the quadrants counter-clockwise.
RECTANGULAR COÖRDINATES
 Problem 1. Name the coördinates of each point.
RECTANGULAR COÖRDINATES

 Problem 2. Coördinate 0.
 a) On the x-axis, what is the value of every y-
coördinate? 0

On the x-axis, we don't move up or down. At


every point, y = 0.
RECTANGULAR COÖRDINATES

On the y-axis, we don't move right or


left. At every point, x = 0.
RECTANGULAR COÖRDINATES

 Where is the x-coördinate always 2?


 On the vertical line 2 units to the right of the origin.
RECTANGULAR COÖRDINATES
 The vertical line is the graph of the equation
 x = 2.
 That is the equation, because at every point of that
line, the x-coördinate is 2.
RECTANGULAR COÖRDINATES

 Where is the y-coördinate always −3?

That line is called the graph of y = −3. And y = −3


is called the equation of that line.
RECTANGULAR COÖRDINATES
In which quadrant does each point lie? Or is it
on an axis; if so, which axis?
(2,-3)
 (-4,2)
(0,-5)
(0.-4)
(-4,0)
The extremities of a straight line AB have coördinates (4,
3) and (15, 8), and that line is the hypotenuse of a right
triangle ACB, whose sides are parallel to the axes.
Name the coördinates of the right angle at C.
Straight lines
An actually infinite straight line is a line that has no
extremities—no endpoints.
In classical plane geometry a straight line
has two extremities.

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