Module 4

Lighting Applications

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

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Outline

Visual Performance
Visual Impact
Exterior Environment

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 Visual Performance

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

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Visual Performance
Factors Affecting Visual Performance
Visual Tasks
Task Areas
Luminaire Selection
Luminaire Layout
Interior Applications
Office Spaces
Educational Facilities
Financial Facilities
Health Care Facilities
Libraries
Industrial Facilities

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Visual Tasks
Tasks should be ranked according to:
Level of importance
Frequency
Duration
Specific visual characteristics

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Visual Tasks
Factors to be considered in ranking
Speed and accuracy requirements
Difficulty of task details
Room surface and task background reflectances
Directionality of light sources
Work plane location and tilt

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Speed and Accuracy Requirements
Visual tasks are of varying duration and difficulty
Small or fine details are difficult to see; the larger the
details, the easier to see
For example, a worker in a poorly lighted facility may
not have enough time to “see” details and may not be
able to maintain a constant or fixed rate of production,
leading to loss in accuracy and visual performance
In some tasks, accuracy is more important than speed

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Speed and Accuracy Requirements

Soccer : Tennis:
Slower Speed and Large Ball Higher Speed and Small Ball
Competition Level : 150 Lux Competition Level : 500 Lux

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Difficulty of Task Details

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Room Surface and Task Background
Reflectances
Ability to see details depends upon the detail
and the background
Eyes function more comfortably and efficiently
when the luminances in the surrounding
environment are fairly uniform
The designer must carefully evaluate the
reflectances of all finishes of the room surfaces
as well as the luminance distribution of the
lighting equipment

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Work Plane Location and Tilt
Work plane height and orientation are important
components in ensuring sufficient illuminance
Work planes in a given space may not be at the
same height
Although work planes are commonly horizontal,
they can be vertical or tilted

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 Considerations in Visual
Performance
Room dimensions
Surface reflectances
Glare
Direct Glare
Veiling/Reflected Glare
Transient Adaptation
Uniformity

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Room Dimensions
Room size and shape affect the amount of light
that is reflected from surfaces and how light is
distributed in space
The smaller the room size, for a constant ceiling
height, the greater the loss of light by absorption

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Surface Reflectances
Affect both quantity of generated lumens
(reflection and absorption) and the amount of
glare that may result (luminance ratios)
Amount of light reflected from walls, ceiling and
floor depends on the reflecting properties,
texture of the surface, spectral power distribution
of the light sources, and the spectral
reflectances of room surfaces

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Surface Reflectances

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

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Surface Reflectances
Examples
Reflectance value of a peach matte finish wall
63% when illuminated by an incandescent source
58% when illuminated by a cool white fluorescent
source
A specular white wall may reflect 90% in a given direction,
while a rough plaster finish may reflect only 30% in the
same direction
Two rough textured walls (1 painted black and 1 painted
white), illuminated with the same white fluorescent lamps
may reflect 10% and 90% respectively for the same
direction of view

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Surface Reflectances
Selecting surface reflectances that are the
same for all surfaces (walls, ceiling, and floor),
and reducing window luminance to match the
wall luminances, will “soften” the luminance
patterns of the surfaces reflected in the VDT
screen, but may produce a boring space

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Surface Reflectances
Veiling reflections are also less noticeable in
VDT screens with black characters on white
backgrounds than with white characters on black
backgrounds

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Glare
Visual discomfort (Discomfort Glare) and a loss
of visibility (Disability Glare) can result from
excessively bright sources of light and from
excessive luminance ratios within a space
The discomfort may cause the person to look
away, blink or close the eyes, with possible
changes in the adaptation state

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Glare
Discomfort glare produces discomfort (even
pain), it does not necessarily interfere with visual
performance or visibility
Disability glare affects a person’s visual
performance by decreasing the ability to see and
occurs when the luminance of an object (print)
and the luminance of the background (paper)
approach the same numerical value
(approaching zero contrast)

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Glare
Direct Glare from Luminaires

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Glare
Direct Glare – comes from the luminaires that
are in the “direct” field of view, or from
excessively bright sources of light (high
reflectance objects)
Veiling/Reflected Glare – veiling reflections
reduce task contrast and impair visual
performance

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Glare
Methods of minimizing the occurrence of
veiling reflections or reflected glare
Selecting a more diffuse lighting system
Relocating the source of light relative to the task
location (avoiding luminaires in the “offending zone”)
Moving the task relative to the source
Using a matte rather than a glossy finish visual task

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Glare
Veiling reflections or
reflected glare
Current innovations are
directed at developing
smaller, flatter, higher
resolution and lighter weight
display devices to avoid
problem of veiling reflections
such as liquid crystal display
(LCD) micro screens in the
workplace

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Transient Adaptation
Process by which eyes adjust from one luminance level
to another as they scan the luminance patterns in the
field of view
Extreme luminance variations in the field of view will
cause pupil diameter changes, which require a finite time
to complete
Age of the viewer also affects the pupil response time
required to make the adjustment, slowing as the worker
becomes older

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Transient Adaptation
For light reflecting surface
E L= pE


L
Control of excessive
luminance ratios in the field
of view will decrease or
eliminate the negative
effects of transient
adaptation on the worker

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Transient Adaptation
Practical methods to achieve the IESNA recommended
luminance ratios include:
Selecting low luminance luminaires
Controlling the luminance of window areas during the daytime
with blinds, shades, or lined draperies
Using high reflectance colors and textures on walls adjacent to
windows
Using translucent or opaque window treatments on windows
that are in the field of view
Using materials and finishes for large areas of a room that
have nearly equal reflectance values but may have subtle
color changes

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Uniformity
Uniform, diffuse illuminance may create a boring, non-
stimulating visual environment
To add interest, the use of spatial patterns of brightness,
color and/or sparkle may be considered thus creating
visual interest without causing visual discomfort for the
people within the space.
Additional variety to the luminance patterns may be
achieved by using lighting controls.

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Luminaire Selection
Light source Maintenance
Desired light distribution characteristics
pattern Efficiency
Illuminance level Product reliability and
Control availability
Desired level of Safety
directional control (control Life cycle cost
media) Compliance with lighting
Aesthetics power allowance (energy
Mechanical construction code) criteria
Thermal and acoustical
characteristics

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Luminaire Selection
Thorough understanding of photometric data is
essential to selecting a luminaire that is efficient,
energy conserving, and appropriate for task
lighting needs
Example: Lumen output data will provide the
designer with valuable information on where the light
is being distributed (zone from 0° to 45° of the zone
from 45° to 90°)

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Luminaire Selection
Lumen output data also indicate the “luminaire
efficiency”
The coefficient of utilization (CU) table can
provide comparative data of the luminaire’s
effectiveness in delivering light to the workplane
A luminaire with a high efficiency (lumen output)
may have a lower CU than another luminaire

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Luminaire Selection
All else being equal, a higher CU will result in the use of
fewer luminaires, reducing ceiling clutter, the potential for
glare, excessive luminance ratios, and overall energy
consumption
In determining the number of luminaires, a well-planned
maintenance program (cleaning and relamping) must be
included to assure that the minimum recommended
illuminance is always available

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Luminaire Selection
Considerations:
Light Distribution
Illuminance Level Control
Directional Control
Appearance
Mechanical Construction

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Light Distribution
Luminaires must distribute their luminous intensity total
downward (direct), both up and down, and totally upward
(indirect)
Luminous intensity distributions can be symmetrical or
nonsymmetrical
Luminaires must produce the desired distribution pattern
to satisfy task requirements and visual comfort needs
Luminaires are normally selected for their performance
in delivering flux to horizontal surfaces
Luminaire’s photometric data will tell about its ability to
provide vertical illuminance
Mounting luminaires closer together than the maximum
often improves light distribution on vertical surfaces

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Light Distribution
Different Light Distributions

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Light Distribution

Defines how the

Luminous Flux
radiated by the
luminaire is distributed
in the various
directions within the
space around it

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Light Distribution

Rotational symmetcrial
Light distribution same in
all planes
Usually Circular or ‘Bowl
shaped’ luminaire

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Light Distribution

Planar symmetrical
Luminaire distribution is
confined to two vertical
planes separately
Typical distribution for
Fluorescent Lamp
luminaires and Road
Lighting

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Light Distribution

Asymmetrical
Asymmetry present in one of
the planes of measurement

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Light Distribution

Beam Angle :
Angle in a plane through
the Beam Axis over
which the Luminous
Intensity drops to 50%
of its Peak value

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 Light Distribution: Beam Shapes

Narrow Beam Medium Beam Wide Beam Batwing distribution

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Illuminance Level Control
There may be several types of tasks within a
given area, each requiring different illuminance
levels (i.e. work, leisure, cleaning, and security)
Fluorescent, incandescent and high intensity
discharge (HID) lamps can be controlled by
dimming or by other control devices, such as
multi-level switching

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Illuminance Level Control
DALI BASIC light control system
L 58W

pushbutton
FQ 39W
DALI-BASIC-control unit DALI-ECG 1x39W
FQ 54W

FC 40W
DALI-ECG 1x54W
FC 55W

DULUX L 40W
DULUX L 55W
combined light/
presence detector 1...10 V-DIMM-ECG DULUX T/E
DALI 1...10 V-converter

DALI 1...10 V-converter

1..10 V trailing edge phase- Halogen
dimmer HTM 70/230-240 50 W

The diagram above illustrates how various light sources can be linked to the
DALI(Digital Addressable Lighting Interface) system. With the addition of signal
converters, dimmable 1-10V analogue electronic control gears (ECGs) or
transformers can then be operated via DALI

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Directional Control
Indirect Lighting
Luminaires direct light up to the ceiling where it is reflected
down to the visual task; ceiling is thus the primary source
of light
Direct Lighting
Distributes light directly to the walls and the work surfaces
Luminance control of the direct (downward) component of
light is a function of the control media (lenses, baffles, and
louvers)

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Directional Control

Direct and Indirect Lighting Directional Control

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Appearance
Color rendition of objects in a room will depend
on the spectral distribution characteristics of the
light sources
Typically, the lighting system should play a
subordinate role; it may attract attention to itself
rather than to its task
There are luminaires which can be decorative or
unobtrusive, as well as functional

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Appearance
Different Color Renditions
Appearance under incandescent lamp with yellow filter
(left) and under low pressure sodium vapor lamp (right)

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Appearance
Six basic types of mountings for interior
luminaires for decorative or unobtrusive as
well as functional purposes:
Recessed
Pendant or suspended
Ceiling/surface mounted
Track mounted
Wall mounted
Floor mounted

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Appearance
Recessed

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Appearance
Pendant or suspended

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Appearance
Ceiling/surface mounted

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Appearance
Track mounted

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Appearance
Wall mounted

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Appearance
Floor mounted

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Mechanical Construction
Should consider the following maintenance
characteristics
Ease and frequency of replacing lamps, ballasts or
control media (lenses and louvers)
Likelihood of the luminaire and lamps collecting dirt
Ease and frequency of cleaning
Overall goal should be to reduce
maintenance costs while maintaining the
desired lighting quality and quantity

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Luminaire Layout
Four (4) Options
Single level system that meets the most critical, most
commonly occurring visual tasks
Multilevel lighting system
System that groups together with those visual tasks
requiring the same illuminance level
Completely nonuniform lighting system

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Luminaire Layout
Requirements for a good luminaire layout
Meets quantity and quality requirements for the tasks
Provides visual comfort
Complies with cost and power budget limits
Aesthetically pleasing

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Luminaire Layout
Three (3) lighting classification systems
General (non-task lighting)
Localized-General (task-ambient and supplementary)
Local (task only)

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Luminaire Layout
General Lighting
Provides uniform illuminance on the work surfaces
throughout an entire area
Used where specific task locations are unknown or the
entire area is considered a continuous visual task area
Symmetrical layout based on the given dimensions of the
room
Main advantage: complete flexibility regarding the
arrangement of furniture and equipment (work stations)
Illuminance will be lower in corners and along the walls

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Luminaire Layout

General lighting in a
production area for
ceiling height not less
than 6 meters and not
more than 12 meters

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Luminaire Layout
Luminaire spacing
Luminaires should not be spaced so far apart or from
walls as to result in unsatisfactory uniformity in
general lighting conditions
Rule of thumb – Spacing from the wall to the center of
the first luminaire should not exceed half of the
spacing between luminaires
Luminous intensity distribution is considered in
determining the maximum luminaire spacing to
achieve acceptably uniform illuminance in an empty
room (no furniture or partitions)

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Luminaire Layout

Plan of Room Showing Luminaire Layout (in meters)

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Luminaire Layout
Luminaire spacing
Factors contributing to the uniformity of illuminance in
a room
Luminaire efficiency
Number and placement of luminaires
Room shape
Configuration of furniture and partitions
Room surface reflectances
In general, uniformity decreases as spacing increases

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Luminaire Layout
Localized-General Lighting
Provides higher illuminance on the visual
task, with a lower level of general
illuminance throughout the remaining area
Minimize shadows; direct glare, and veiling
reflections through careful placement

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Luminaire Layout

Localized-General
lighting for
semiconductors
assembly

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Luminaire Layout
Localized-General Lighting
Task-Ambient Lighting
Used in office and some industrial lighting
Task lighting portion of this system is mounted
directly to the furniture
Ambient lighting portion may be free standing,
furniture mounted, or ceiling mounted
Primary advantage is that reconfiguration of the
workstations is relatively easy because the task
lighting moves with the furniture

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Luminaire Layout
Local Lighting
Provides illuminance over a much smaller area – just
the task (task only lighting) and its immediate
surroundings
This requires provision of sufficient spill light into
adjacent areas to prevent excessive luminance ratios
and transient adaptation problems

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Luminaire Layout

Local lighting for

electronic parts testing

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Interior Applications
Interior spaces considered
Offices
Educational facilities
Financial facilities
Health care facilities
Libraries
Industrial facilities
Topics to be discussed per interior space
Visual tasks
Quality of lighting
Lighting requirements

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Interior Applications
Luminance ratios
Interiors should be lighted to achieve a balance
among luminances
Proper Luminance ratios should be observed in order
to provide for good visibility with no distracting glare,
and still produce sufficient variation

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Interior Applications
Luminance Ratios
Between task and:
Adjacent surround 1 to 1/3
Remote darker surfaces 1 to 5
Remote lighter surfaces 1 to 1/5

To approach these ratios the following reflectances are recommended

Ceiling 80 – 90%
Walls 40 – 60%
Work surfaces and equipment 25 – 45%
Floors 20 – 40%

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Interior Applications
Luminance Ratios
Example:
When reading an 80% reflective page, the area
immediately surrounding the page should be at least
27% reflectance (80 x 1/3), and no area within direct
view should be less than 16% (80 x 1/5)

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Office Spaces
Visual tasks include
reading important documents, handwriting and print outs
searching for and reading data on computer screens
Visibility of the task is often poor and is
affected by factors such as contrast, size,
task luminance, and the time for viewing

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Office Spaces
Visual Tasks
VDT Work Stations
The Visual Display Terminal (VDT) is a major element in
today’s office and presents unique problems, not only in
the lighting design, but in work station configuration,
ergonomic requirements, and HVAC design
In most offices, some time will be spent viewing the VDT
and some time spent on paper tasks or looking at
customers while other applications used the screen
constantly

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Office Spaces
Visual Tasks
Visual Display Terminal (VDT) Work Stations
Examples: customer service operations or reservation
offices
May result in luminance ratios between tasks which
exceed recommendations
Other office spaces
Conference rooms
– Range from casual to difficult viewing
– More than one lighting and control systems should
be considered especially if visual aids will be used,
so that notes can be taken without interfering with
the projection screen

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Office Spaces
Quality of Lighting
Troffers generate adequate ambient light levels in the circulation
areas while ceiling recessed wallwashers with semi-specular
assymetrical reflectors spread light evenly on the core walls

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Office Spaces
Quality of Lighting
Numerous type of
luminaires can be used in
conference rooms such
as T-8 or T-5 lamp
systems as well as high
efficiency downlights with
CFLs

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Office Spaces
Quality of Lighting
Drafting/reproduction rooms
Discrimination of fine detail is frequently required for
long periods of time and seeing tasks may be on
surfaces other than horizontal
Reception areas
Lighting should make a statement, and yet be restful and
sufficient for casual reading
File areas
Lighting should be directed into the opened files with
minimal shadows on the file contents

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Office Spaces
Quality of Lighting
Drafting/reproduction
rooms
Specific illuminance
level for tasks that
needs exacting work
to avoid harsh
shadows and improve
specular sensitivity

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Office Spaces
Quality of Lighting
File areas
Good visibility for
easy files or
document
retrievals

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Office Spaces
Quality of Lighting
Reception areas
Pleasant and
“relax” lighting
effect to project a
feeling of a
welcome
atmosphere is the
main feature of
reception areas

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Office Spaces
Lighting Requirements
Quality factors
Luminance
Contrast
Quantity

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Office Spaces
Lighting Requirements
Quality factors
Review the IESNA Lighting Design Guide for the factors
that are identified as Very Important and Important.
These must be addressed; then review the list of other
design issues, which may be applicable to the particular
space being designed

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Office Spaces
Lighting Requirements
Luminance
Office interiors should be finished in light colors and
illuminated to provide enough luminance or color
variations giving a stimulating, attractive work
environment

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Office Spaces
Lighting Requirements
Luminance
Uniform illuminance is desired in areas like offices

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Office Spaces
Lighting Requirements
Contrast
The degree of contrast between the details of the visual
task and the task background affects visibility and
depends in part upon the specularity of the task
When viewing a visual task, an image of a luminaire or
bright ceiling is reflected in the task and the details will
assume some of the brightness which will lead to
reduction in contrast and visibility impairment

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Office Spaces
Lighting Requirements
Contrast
Low contrasts result in flat visual scene

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Office Spaces
Lighting Requirements
Contrast
High contrasts result in adaptation problem for eye when
changing from one visual target to another

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Office Spaces
Lighting Requirements
Contrast
Well balanced contrasts
result in visual comfort
and satisfaction

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Office Spaces
Lighting Requirements

For typical office tasks,

not involving extended
use of VDTs, a
minimum VCP (Visual
Comfort Probability) of
70 is recommended
while for extended use
of VDTs, the minimum
VCP should be 80

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Office Spaces
Lighting Requirements
Quantity
Designers should select an overall value from the Design
Guide and allow for installation of supplementary
lighting since visual tasks and occupants are unknown
during the design stage
Given a large space with general lighting system, the
design should allow for different illuminance levels to
suit different visual tasks
When localized task lighting should be used, the ambient
illuminance can often be reduced

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Office Spaces
Lighting Requirements
Quantity
Lighting for visual tasks can be provided solely by
general lighting or by task plus general lighting
Occupancy sensors should be installed to reduce
energy consumption when the space is unoccupied

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Office Spaces
Lighting Requirements
Quantity
In an open office plan design containing VDTs, general lighting should
be at relatively low levels, with supplemental task lighting applied
where required for paper tasks. In the design below, suspended linear
indirect “uplighting” was supplemented by an under counter task light
equipped with user control or occupancy sensors

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Educational Facilities
Types of Spaces:
Classrooms/Lecture rooms
Shops
Art rooms
Gymnasium
Lighting Requirements:
Quality factors
Luminance
Illuminance

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Educational Facilities
Classrooms/Lecture rooms
“Donut” layout

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Educational Facilities
Classrooms/Lecture Rooms
The “donut” is a long preferred layout design by many
school architects and engineers, that employs ceiling
mounted or lay-in grid recessed, low cost troffers with
acrylic prismatic lenses and high reflectance (0.92%)
white paint reflectors to achieve good vertical surface
illumination on all walls

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 Educational Facilities
Classrooms/Lecture rooms
Designers can add a
chalkboard/whiteboar
d light to the design to
increase the lighting
power

Pendant-mounted
luminaires are highly
recommended for
classrooms because
they provide uniform
glare-free illumination

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Educational Facilities
Shops
Follow the best industrial lighting practices especially
where moving machinery is used

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Educational Facilities
Art Rooms
Lighting should be versatile, capable of creating
highlight and shadow for modeling and providing
good color rendering
The direction of light creates the modeling effect and
reveals the 3 dimensional form and texture
The greater the angle of incidence(light from above),
the more dramatic is the effect obtained
The smaller the angle of incidence ( light from the
front), the greater is the chance for reflected glare

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Educational Facilities
Art rooms

Key Light : Creates accent by virtue of high brightness and

deep shadows
Fill Light : Supplementary illumination to soften shadows
and establish contrast at desired levels

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Educational Facilities
Art rooms

Back Light : Lighting from behind and above. Used to

separate the object from its background by accentuating
contours;reveals transparent elements

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Educational Facilities
Art rooms

Up Light : Accentuates elements close to the floor. Can also

be used for dramatic effects

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Educational Facilities
Art rooms

Diffuse Light : Creates soft shadows and least modeling

effect

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Educational Facilities
Gymnasium
These spaces are often used not only for sports but
also for graduations, assemblies, dances, concerts
and community meetings
Lighting levels should be equipped with flexible
circuiting/controls and sources
Many sports, such as basketball and volleyball
require vertical illumination up to 30 feet

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Educational Facilities
Gymnasium
Multipurpose area requiring a wide range of
luminaires

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

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Educational Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Quality Factors
Visual environment supportive of the learning process
must also be visually comfortable and satisfy the
psychological and emotional needs of learners
Appropriate lighting can enhance pleasant and attractive
surroundings, providing a feeling of spaciousness
Lighting can attract and hold attention, stimulate
learning, and influence behavior in a positive way.

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Educational Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Luminance
The distribution, size, and range of brightness within an
environment affect eye comfort, adaptation, and contrast
rendition
As the eye shifts from one luminance (the page of a
book), to another luminance (a chalkboard), it must
readapt to the new luminance level. If the difference is
too great, the reaction will be visual discomfort

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Educational Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Illuminance
Visual tasks differ in size, viewing direction, distance
and contrast
Major critical tasks include reading and writing, often
requiring prolonged and close attention

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Financial Facilities
Various functions and tasks that occur in financial
facilities are mainly the same as those that occur in
offices i.e. conference areas, accounting, general and
private offices, and bookkeeping
Other specific areas that are special to banking where
the lighting needs maybe different
data processing
tellers’ stations
security vault lighting
Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs)

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Financial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Quality Factors
Luminance
Quantity

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Financial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Quality Factors
Lighting design should reflect the “image” desired in the
lobby and adjacent spaces
Use high intensity discharge lamps to help control initial,
energy and maintenance costs where high ceiling exists
High quality, relatively uniform lighting should be
provided for electronic data processing (EDP) equipment
areas where there are usually only a small number of
VDTs

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Financial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Quality Factors
Provisions for highlighting during promotional activities
in the lobby to create a point of interest
Lighting at bank tellers’ stations must provide for fast
and accurate transactions
Outdoor drive-up teller (ATMs) lighting should be
designed for persons inside the car and appropriate for
surveillance camera needs

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Financial Facilities

Lighting Requirements
Quality Factors
Bank lobbies should
create dramatic effects
especially during
merchandise promotion

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Financial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Quality Factors
Interior lighting at the bank’s vault must be on at all
times in accordance with the Bank Protection Act and
must meet the requirements specified for alarm camera
system
Lighting recommendations for office lighting should be
followed in the bank’s network control area where
multiple VDT screens are in constant use

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Financial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Quality Factors
Quality issues to be considered for banks are listed in
the IESNA Lighting Design Guide

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Financial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Luminance
Use large area, low brightness luminaires or luminaires
positioned on either side of the deal plate to reduce
reflections caused by highly polished material at tellers’
stations from ceiling mounted luminaires
Luminaires behind the drive-up tellers’ windows should
also be of low brightness to minimize reflections from
sloping glass

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Financial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Luminance
Lighting should be at about the same level as the interior
lighting in the outdoor drive-up area to avoid mirror
effect on the glass when looking out from the drive-up
teller’s position.
Careful placement of light sources to avoid poor
visibility from veiling glare on ATM information display
screens at outdoor locations
Approaches and departure areas must be adequately
lighted to ease adaptation for the customer when
transitioning to and from the machine

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Financial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Quantity
ATM locations require lighting for tasks such as:
Reading and writing transactions in the horizontal plane
Viewing the VDT screen
Inputting information on a keyboard in the horizontal or
vertical plane
Safety and security lighting is also necessary for
customer protection in surrounding areas for camera
surveillance operation

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Health Care Facilities
Health care facilities include:
Acute general hospitals
Chronic general
Chronic specialized institutions for the care of
physically and mentally ill
Facilities that offer professional care in residential
environment

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Health Care Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Quality Factors
Luminance
Illuminance

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Health Care Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Quality Factors
Lighting should serve both the demands of medical
attendants and the comfort needs of the patients
Illumination in multi-bed rooms should be designed to
be unobtrusive to one patient, while remaining adequate
for the other
Color Rendering Index (CRI) should be at least 80 and
the Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) approximately
4100 K

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Health Care Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Luminance
Comfortable lighting conditions by limiting luminance
ratios between the localized task and other areas in the
normal field of view i.e. surgery, obstetrics, dentistry,
emergency treatment and autopsies

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Health Care Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Illuminance
For Illuminance recommendations, see the
IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th Edition,
Chapter 10

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Health Care Facilities
Emergency room
Wall illuminance for
mobility

Surgery room
High illuminance for
special task

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Libraries
Visual tasks include:
Reading
Browsing through book stacks
Studying at a carrel
Viewing microfilm or computer retrieval systems
Meeting or conferring
Performing general clerical tasks
Repair and inspection work

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Libraries
Lighting Requirements
Quality Factors
Luminance
Illuminance

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Libraries
Lighting Requirements
Quality Factors
Considerations in the design of a library lighting
system:
– Creation of a desirable visual environment to
enable users to see efficiently and without
distraction
– Appearance of the installation within the
architectural design of the space

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Libraries
Lighting Requirements
Luminance
Care must be taken to avoid veiling reflections on the
seeing tasks and to use luminaires that reduce the
luminance in direct glare zones
– Example: in microfilm areas, one of the most
difficult tasks is reading a screen located under a
general lighting system needed for other tasks in
the area. Reflections, diffuse and specular, tend to
wash out the already poor image on the screen.
Hooded machines or those that have screens
treated to reduce reflections make the task more
visible

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Libraries
Lighting Requirements
Illuminance
Reading is by far the most frequently performed task in
a library which varies from reading children’s books of
high contrast type and paper, to newspapers with low
contrast print, to law books with condensed type, to
rare books with unusual type faces printed on old paper
Other reading tasks may be handwriting

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Libraries
Lighting Requirements
Illuminance
Unique visual task to the library is that of browsing
and/or searching in a stack or other form of storage
space which are in shelves as high as 8 feet and tightly
spaced in a limited aisle space titles or author’s names
with a number coding system
Important design objective is obtaining vertical
illumination on the stacks, especially on the lower
shelves

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Libraries
Other illumination needs:
Circulation spaces and audio booths
Special lighting for audio-visual areas
VDT workstations
Accent lighting for exhibits and displays
Lighting treatments of glass showcases, paintings,
prints and rare books, refer to the Museum and Art
Gallery Lighting section of IESNA Lighting Handbook

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Libraries
Special lighting for audio visual areas

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Industrial Facilities
Industry has a wide range of visual tasks,
operating conditions and economic
considerations

Visual tasks involve:

Extremely small or very large
Dark or light
Opaque, transparent or translucent on specular or
diffuse surfaces
Flat or contoured shapes

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Industrial Facilities
Visual Tasks

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Industrial Facilities
Tasks are often on tilted or vertical planes and
the lighting design should provide the
appropriate vertical illuminance
Physical hazards exist in manufacturing
processes and lighting plays an important role in
helping to prevent accidents
Lighting must be designed to contribute to speed
of vision and to the overall environmental
conditions of the workplace

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Industrial Facilities
Speed and Environmental Conditions of the Workplace

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Industrial Facilities
Design of a lighting system and selection of
equipment maybe influenced by many economic
and energy related factors
Economic decisions should be based not only
on initial and operating costs of the lighting
system, but also on the relationship of the cost
of lighting to other production costs

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Industrial Facilities
Economic and Energy Related Factors

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Industrial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Quality Factors
Quality in Manufacturing
Luminance
Illuminance
Luminaires

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Industrial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Quality Factors
One of the important factors is the distribution of
luminances in the visual environment
Industrial installations of poor quality are easily
recognized as uncomfortable and are possibly
hazardous
Cumulative effect of even slightly glaring conditions can
result in a loss of seeing efficiency and undue fatigue

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Industrial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Quality in Manufacturing
Light is often used to aid a manufacturing process or
identify manufacturing defects

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Industrial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Quality Factors
Color as a part of the seeing task can be very
effectively used to improve contrast either by
intensifying or subduing certain colors inherent in the
task
Directional light maybe useful in emphasizing texture
and defects on uneven surfaces
Fluorescence under UV radiation is often used to
create contrast while surface flaws in metal, nonporous
plastic and ceramic parts can be detected by the use of
fluorescent materials

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Industrial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Quality Factors
Detection of internal strains in glass and transparent
plastics maybe facilitated by transmitted polarized light
Stroboscopic illumination can be used to “slow down” or
“stop” the motion of constant speed rotating or
reciprocating machinery to inspect/study moving parts
while they are operating

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Industrial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Luminance
Reflectances of room surface finishes and equipment
should be as high as possible to achieve the best
possible luminance relationships
Painting stationary and moving parts of machines with
contrasting ANSI safety colors helps to reduce accident
hazards by aiding identification

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Industrial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Illuminance
Desired illuminance depends primarily on the seeing
task, the worker and the importance of speed and
accuracy in performing the task
Illuminance recommendations for industrial tasks and
areas are given in the Lighting Design Guide in the
IESNA Lighting Handbook and in latest version of
ANSI/IESNA RP-7
Several industries have also developed industry-
specific recommendations

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Industrial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Illuminance
In locations where dirt will collect rapidly on luminaire
surfaces, and where adequate maintenance is not
provided, the initial values should be higher than for
spaces which are cleaner or where there is a planned
maintenance program
Illuminance must be increased where workers wear
eye-protective devices with occupationally-required
tinted lenses that reduce the light reaching the retina of
the eye

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Industrial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Illuminance
In cases where specific amount or quality of lighting
cannot be obtained by general lighting, supplementary
luminaires are often used to provide high illuminances
for small restricted areas and to furnish a certain
luminance or color or to permit special aiming or
positioning of light sources to produce or avoid
highlights or shadows to best portray the details of the
task
Supplementary equipment must be well shielded to
prevent glare for the user and others working in
adjacent areas

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Industrial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Luminaires
Wide selection of luminaires including fluorescent,
metal halide and high pressure sodium
Maybe open or enclosed, with light control elements of
metal, plastic or glass
Mounting maybe “low-bay” (up to 5.5 m), “medium-bay”
(5.5 –7 m) or “high-bay” (>7.5 m)

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Industrial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Luminaires
Fluorescent sources should always be considered in
areas with ceiling heights of approximately 10-12 ft, or
where high CRI or instant starting is required
Luminaires should be selected which provide well-
shielded illumination distributed over all of the work
planes with aesthetics in mind

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Industrial Facilities
Lighting Requirements
Luminaires
Luminaires should be chosen with regard to:
– Their ease of maintenance
– Durability
– Efficiency
Lighting designer should consult with local code
authorities before specifying equipment especially in
areas where hazardous materials may be present as to
what special equipment maybe required

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 Visual Impact

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

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Visual Impact
Concepts of Lighting Applications for Visual
Impacts
Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Functions
Spatial Considerations
Light Source Criteria
Luminaire Selection and Layout
Applications

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Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Applications

Graphic Elements
To achieve the desired impression, the design team
must evaluate the treatment of the following graphic
elements
Line
Mass
Form
Color
Rhythm

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Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Applications

Graphic Elements
Line
Line can be used to delineate shape or show direction.
The lighting designer can emphasize line through the
use of side illuminated fiber optic cable or light pipe, or
exposed linear sources such as straight-tube
fluorescent or cold cathode. Lines created by
architectural form can also be accentuated by direct or
indirect lighting.

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Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Applications

Graphic Elements
Mass
The solid shape of an architectural or decorative object
can be accentuated by silhouetting the mass of the
object against a lighter ground. Wall washing in
interiors or floodlighting of exteriors can emphasize the
mass of a building.

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Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Applications

Graphic Elements
Form
Three dimensional forms of objects and spaces are
defined through a combination of key (directional) light
and ambient fill (diffuse and/or multi-directional) light.
Object form is accentuated through the interplay of
highlights, shade, and shadow

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Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Applications

Graphic Elements
Color
The color composition in an environment is the result of
both object color and source color. Only wavelengths of
light present in the light sources will be visible to the
human eye regardless of object color. Where color
rendering is important, care should be taken to choose
light sources with a high Color Rendering Index (CRI).

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Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Applications

Graphic Elements
Rhythm
Rhythm is the result of a static pattern of light and dark
or of dynamic movement of light sources. A visual
rhythm may be created by spotlighting individual art on
a wall or, more obviously, by a chase light sequence
around a store window or sign.

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Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Functions

Visual Hierarchy
Lighting emphasis on selected architectural features
in a space, and on the elements within, combined
with the treatment of surface finishes, will draw the
user’s attention initially to the focal points and then to
other aspects of the design
Creation of visual hierarchy must be based on:
Luminance ratios
Color

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Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Functions

Visual Hierarchy
Luminance ratios
Areas of higher luminance will tend to draw visual focus
while areas where there is contrast (where the
luminance ratios are high) will have a tendency to
attract attention
Example: In merchandising areas, attraction is a key
goal of the lighting, so luminance values should be
carefully orchestrated

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Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Functions

Visual Hierarchy
Luminance ratios
Contrast ratios should not exceed a level at which
visual comfort is compromised

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Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Functions

Visual Hierarchy
Color
Color can also help to achieve visual focus
Warm colors tend to dominate in the field of view while
cool colors tend to recede
Strongly colored sources (usually achieved through
filtration) can be used, where appropriate, for startling
visual effect
Colored light are often used in signage and as an
attention getting device

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Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Functions

Visual Hierarchy
Color
Colors can be exploited to attract customers in a
merchandising area or to accentuate a sense of spatial
depth in a themed environment
Care should be taken in applications where color
rendering is important to include some sources with a
broader spectral distribution along with the colored
sources

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Spatial Considerations
Architectural Features and Forms
Appropriate lighting can bring an architect’s vision to
life by accentuating two-dimensional planes and
three-dimensional forms
Direction and distribution of light should be chosen
carefully on the following surfaces:
Vertical surfaces
Horizontal surfaces
Spatial impressions

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Spatial Considerations
Architectural Features and Forms
Vertical surfaces
Walls and decorative matter on them (including
signage) can be lighted effectively using a wall washing
technique where uniform illumination is desired
Source with a high CRI should be specified if the wall
surface or the material hanging on it is important
Some applications, such as museum lighting, have
more specific requirements for the lighting of vertical
surfaces

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Spatial Considerations
Architectural Features and Forms
Vertical surfaces
For textured vertical surfaces, a grazing technique
maybe more appropriate than wall washing
Luminaires placed close to the vertical surface will
create highlights and shadows and therefore visual
interest
Columns or other cylindrical forms maybe highlighted
using a spotlight technique or direct/indirect fixtures
mounted directly on the column

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Spatial Considerations
Architectural Features and Forms
Horizontal surfaces
The technique for lighting horizontal planes will vary
considerably from application to application
Examples
– House of worship – uniform illumination for reading
on the horizontal plane is necessary
– Restaurant – it may be more appropriate to light
individual tables and leave areas of darkness
between

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Spatial Considerations
Architectural Features and Forms
Spatial Impressions
Research by Prof. John Flynn, codified the subjective
spatial impressions affected by various lighting
conditions as follows:

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 Spatial Considerations
Spatial Impressions

Subjective Impression Lighting

Spacious Uniform distribution with some perimeter

lighting
Intimate Low light levels at user area with some
brightness in the periphery and darker areas
between
Tense Non-uniform intense direct light from
overhead
Relaxed Non-uniform distribution with some
perimeter lighting and less overhead light
Pleasant Non-uniform distribution with a combination
of perimeter and downlighting
Focused Bright and uniform lighting on horizontal
tasks with less perimeter lighting

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Spatial Considerations
Control of Circulation
Light must serve to indicate the path of movement or
to motivate people to keep moving (as well as provide
safe illumination levels for egress)
Techniques
Used of exposed linear sources or source glitter
The pattern and frequency of other luminaire types
and the light they emit can achieve the same results
Example: pools of light from recessed downlights that
lead from lobby door to an elevator provide lighting
indicators

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Spatial Considerations
Decoration
Light serves not only to illuminate, but often to
decorate as well to give:
Sparkle
Glitter
Decorative Luminaires

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Spatial Considerations
Decoration
Sparkle
Sparkle, or enhancing reflection, is created when a
point source of light impinges on a specular object
An important tool for initiating the sale of specular
merchandise
Can be an extremely effective way to display faceted
objects i.e. cut crystal, glass, or jewels in
merchandising and exhibit environments
Elements of sparkle can be used on the back bars of
restaurants or to enhance the crystal on table settings

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Spatial Considerations
Decoration
Glitter
Small, exposed, clear incandescent sources create
“glitter” that can be used to draw attention to shop
windows and theater marquees
The linear nature of “glitter strips” makes them a useful
luminaire type for outlining architectural form
Glitter can even be sued to identify steps or handrails,
creating a sense of theatricality
Low voltage sources of glitter maybe used to conserve
energy
Glitter sources are not appropriate for all applications
since exposed light sources may cause discomfort glare
and project an inappropriately casual image

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Spatial Considerations
Decoration
Decorative Luminaires
Most applications benefit from the use of some
decorative luminaires such as:
– Custom pendant over the reception desk of an
office
– Fiber optic forms in a themed restaurant
– Crystal chandeliers in a casino

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Light Source Criteria
Considerations
Color
Intensity
Distribution
Potential to dim the sources

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Light Source Criteria
Color
Color rendering
Daylighting
Warm color temperature e.g. incandescent
Color-enhanced discharge sources i.e. metal halide
or high pressure sodium

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Light Source Criteria
Intensity
The designer should take into account the visual
tasks to be performed and the factors of size, contrast
and time
The designer should select appropriate illuminance
for the design (maintained over time)
IESNA Lighting Design Guide (Chapter 10 IESNA
Lighting Handbook 9th Ed)

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Light Source Criteria
Economics
The designer must weigh the aesthetic goals of the
lighting design against the financial considerations of
both initial cost and the life-cycle costs of
maintenance and energy use
The designer may need to make strategic use of
incandescent sources for accent lighting while using
sources with higher efficacy (fluorescent (HID) for
general illumination

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Luminaire Selection
Considerations:
Quality of light
Task considerations and Illuminance Criteria
Distribution of light
Luminaire Glare and Visual Comfort

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Luminaire Selection
Quality of Light
More than one type of luminaire is used in most
applications to provide for both soft ambient light and
harder accent light
Soft light minimizes shadows but when used alone can
create an almost shadowless atmosphere lacking visual
interest
Hard light is useful for accents but if used alone can
create an environment where contrast ratios are too high
for visual comfort
Daylight exhibit soft and hard characteristics if used
indirect or direct respectively

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Luminaire Selection
Task Considerations and Illuminance Criteria
Task considerations should also be taken into
account, even in applications where the visual impact
of a space is the most important design criterion
Tasks include:
– Reading in the seating area of house of worship
– Completion of sale in a merchandising application
– Computer use in a home study
Luminaires should be selected to provide the
appropriate amount of incident light for the task,
keeping in mind that the occupants will be seeing
reflected or transmitted light

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Luminaire Selection
Distribution of light
Shape and distribution of light must be considered
Examples:
– Luminaire with a narrow distribution of light is quite
useful for controlled accent lighting on a single
painting, or where it is desirable to see the edge of
the lighted area against a darker background in an
intimate restaurant
– Luminaires with a wider distribution that provide
even illumination on the vertical surface for a wall
washing application are more appropriate
– For uniform illumination, the manufacturer’s spacing
criterion (SC) should be consulted to assure
adequate coverage for a given ceiling height

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Luminaire Selection
Luminaire Glare and Visual Comfort
Glare from the luminaire itself should be considered
especially if the direct source glare is within the visual
field making the overall view and aesthetic
appreciation of the scene maybe obscured

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Applications
Lighting functions and techniques will be
discussed in the following applications:
Merchandising Areas
Museums and Exhibits
Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces
Casinos and Gaming Facilities
Houses of Worship

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Functions
To attract the customer
For appraisal of the merchandise
To complete the sale

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Functions
Attraction
Windows
Store Interiors

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Functions
Attraction
Windows
– Lighting should address the following:
» Visual context for the window
» Window layout
» Contour of the window

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Functions
Attraction
Store Interiors
– Luminance ratios on the merchandise and displays
should have at least 3 times the luminance of the
surrounding areas
– Luminance ratio should not exceed 5 to 1 throughout
the space except in small areas of specialization
– Dramatic luminance ratios maybe desirable in a
“themed” store
– Light sources with high CRI (at least 70) should be
used to highlight the merchandise attractively while
texture should be accentuated by grazing angles of
light to help attract customers

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Functions
Appraisal (or Initiation of sale)
Adequate illumination must be provided so that
customers can evaluate the merchandise once they are
attracted
Color rendition is important at the time of appraisal both
for the merchandise and the customer to look attractive
Luminaire placement should avoid facial shadowing
especially in mirrors at the fitting room
Vertical illumination should be provided for clothing
appraisal to enable customer to evaluate the entire
length of the merchandise

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Functions
Completion of Sale
Task lighting is required for the store personnel in the
following sales transaction areas:
– Registering the sale
– Verifying the price
– Reading copied or printed data
Merchandise should look as attractive at the register as it
did on the rack to avoid customers from changing their
minds
Color rendering should be consistent throughout the store

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Techniques
Three Basic Approaches
General Pattern System
Specific System
Flexible System

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Techniques
General Pattern System
This system employs a uniform pattern of luminaires to
provide general illumination regardless of the position
of the merchandise
Useful in supermarkets or in the general merchandising
areas of large department stores
If this system is not combined with supplementary or
special display lighting, it may project an image
conducive to bargain prices or lower-priced
merchandise since the customer may associate less
expensive lighting installation to less expensive
merchandise

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Techniques
Specific System
This system employs a layout of luminaires determined
by the layout of merchandise displays in the store
An integrated system can be very useful in the
delineation of sales areas whether used in the sale of
groceries, shoes, clothing or furniture but keep in mind
that they are permanently located

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Techniques
Flexible System
This system employs a pattern of electrical outlets for
non-permanent installation of luminaires usually of the
aimable variety
System of track lighting is the most common example
With this system, lighting can be tailored to changing
merchandise displays
Combining the flexible layout with a multi-channel
control system, maximum flexibility can be achieved

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Merchandising Areas
Lighting Techniques
Specialty Lighting
Different types of merchandise have special lighting
needs
Example:
– A display case of crystal should include integrated
point sources of light that will provide the necessary
enhancing sparkle

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Museums and Exhibits
Lighting Functions
Damage Control
Flat Displays on Vertical Surfaces
Exhibit Cases
Three-Dimensional Objects
Environments and Installations

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Museums and Exhibits
Lighting Functions
Damage Control
Lighting must be designed to enhance and illuminate
3D artifacts as well as the surface qualities of 2D
artifacts
Lighting must also be designed to control potential
damage to the artifacts with respect to amount of
illumination and time of exposure

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Museums and Exhibits
Lighting Functions
Flat displays on Vertical Surfaces
Luminaires should be placed to provide the necessary
vertical illuminance while minimizing shadows and
direct/indirect glare

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Museums and Exhibits
Lighting Functions
Exhibit Cases
Enclosed display cases may be lighted internally,
externally, or in combination
External lighting is usually from directly overhead and
through a diffusing panel but take into consideration
glare problem
Internal lighting is more commonly used
Care should be taken to limit the heat inside the
enclosure in both eternal and internal lighting

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Museums and Exhibits
Lighting Functions
3D Objects
Three dimensional forms usually require highlighting
and shadowing to reveal the contours of an object and
should be lighted from multiple directions using a key
and fill approach

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Museums and Exhibits
Lighting Functions
Environment and Installations
Decorative Art
– Lighting in character with the original purpose of the
space is desirable, within reason
Contemporary Installation Art
– Many installation artists design their pieces to be
self-illuminating, or include light itself as the subject

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Museums and Exhibits
Lighting Techniques
Daylighting
Electric sources
Lighting Controls

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Museums and Exhibits
Lighting Techniques
Daylighting
Historically popular means of illuminating artifacts in
museums and galleries
Architectural forms and materials used to deliver
daylight to artifacts to limit direct sunlight and filter out
damaging UV radiation:
– Light wells
– Light pipes
– Clerestories
– Low-emissivity glass

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Museums and Exhibits
Lighting Techniques
Electric Sources
Electric sources should be chosen to render colors
appropriately while limiting the damage caused by both
infrared (heat) and UV radiation
MR16 lamps with dichroic infrared coatings are often a
good option for accent lighting
Light transport systems (fiber optics and light pipes)
with limited heat and UV radiation are also suitable for
lighting artifacts

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Museums and Exhibits
Lighting Techniques
Lighting Controls
Specification and installation of special control devices
can reduce both the lighting energy consumption and
exposure to damaging radiation
Examples:
– Control via interface with a real time clock will limit
the lux-hours/year to the minimum necessary
– Occupancy sensors maybe used to control lighting
in less frequented spaces
– Photocells can be used when the design combines
daylight and electric light

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Museums and Exhibits
Lighting Techniques
Accent Lighting
Very dramatic visual effect

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces

Lighting Functions
Creating the Appropriate Atmosphere in the Dining
Room
Intimate Type
Leisure Type
Quick-service Type
Service Areas
Hotel Lobbies

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces

Lighting Functions
Creating the Appropriate Atmosphere in the Dining
Area
Intimate Type
– Low lighting levels to create a relaxing atmosphere
and a sense of privacy
– Standard or custom decorative luminaires maybe
used throughout although color rendering at the
dining table is important so that both patrons and
food look appealing while colored sources maybe
used for dramatic effect

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces

Lighting Functions
Creating the Appropriate Atmosphere in the Dining
Area
Leisure Type
– A higher and more uniform level of illuminance
should be provided to create a restful but interesting
environment where eating is the main objective

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces
Lighting Functions
Creating the Appropriate Atmosphere in the Dining Area
Quick-service Type
– Higher light levels and uniform light distribution are
the norm
– Lighted signage is often used to control traffic flow
– Menu and counter should be adequately illuminated
for the given task
– Menu maybe self-illuminating
– Color rendering in these locations is not as critical
as in the seating area

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces

Lighting Functions
Service Areas
Areas where money is exchanged, food is prepared or
from which food is served must be adequately
illuminated for the given task
The designer must be knowledgeable about code
requirements for enclosed luminaires in food
preparation areas and for “damp location” or “wet
location” luminaires

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces

Lighting Functions
Service Areas
Café

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces

Lighting Functions
Hotel Lobbies
Lighting should complement the architecture and
provide for safe transition exterior to interior
Consideration should be given to adaptation time
A control system should provide for varying illuminance
levels and a change in mood from daytime to nighttime
hours
The registration area must be illuminated for the seeing
tasks involved with check in/out

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces

Lighting Techniques
General Pattern Illumination
Decorative Luminaires
Specialty Lighting
Lighted Signage

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces
Lighting Techniques
General Pattern Illumination
Uniform pattern of illumination maybe appropriate in
leisure and quick-service restaurants as well as in
hospitality spaces such as hotel lobbies and ballrooms
Recessed downlights with high CRI sources (either
incandescent of compact fluorescent) are often the
luminaires of choice
Even in an intimate-type restaurant, a general pattern
of luminaires maybe used if the sources are well
shielded and have a narrow beam distribution to
produce a pattern of light shadow to create a sense of
privacy

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces
Lighting Techniques
Decorative Luminaires
Custom designed decorative luminaires can heighten
the image of an intimate-type restaurant or a hotel
lobby or ballroom
In more moderately priced leisure-type restaurants, off-
the-shelf decorative luminaires may be suitable

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces

Lighting Techniques
Specialty Lighting
Lighting package for multi-use spaces of some
restaurants and hotel meeting rooms and ballrooms
may include a variety of theatrical luminaires (usually
ellipsoidal reflector spotlights and PAR units) as well as
control system integrated with the permanent
architectural system or a separate theatrical-style
console

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces

Lighting Techniques
Lighted Signage
Lighted signage, often neon, is often used for customer
attraction as well as control of circulation at quick-
service restaurants

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Casinos and Gaming Facilities

Lighting Functions
Attraction
Lighting for Customer Comfort
Lighting to Enhance Safety and Surveillance
Lighting for Seeing Tasks

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Casinos and Gaming Facilities
Lighting Functions
Attraction
Lighting of a casino should help to attract and visually
focus the customer’s attention toward the gaming
area(s) without over-stimulating the visual sense much
like the ways in which lighting must function to attract a
customer to a merchandise display

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Casinos and Gaming Facilities
Lighting Functions
Lighting for Customer Comfort
The lighting should create a pleasant atmosphere and
make the customer feel relaxed and welcome

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Casinos and Gaming Facilities

Lighting Functions
Lighting to Enhance Safety and Surveillance
Unique to casinos is the need for the lighting to provide
adequate illumination for the operation of surveillance
video cameras

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Casinos and Gaming Facilities
Lighting Functions
Lighting for Seeing Tasks
Adequate illumination must be provided at each gaming
areas
Some games require vertical illuminance while others
require horizontal illuminance sometimes at a distance
from the customer e.g. Bingo, Race and Sports Book

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Casinos and Gaming Facilities
Lighting Techniques
Diffuse Lighting and Direct Lighting
Visually Subordinate Lighting Systems
Sparkle and Glitter

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Casinos and Gaming Facilities
Lighting Techniques
Diffuse Lighting and Direct Lighting
“diffuse lighting is appropriate in most work areas to
prevent distracting shadows from the work itself (IESNA
RP-26, Recommended Practice on Lighting for Casinos
and Gaming Facilities)
Direct lighting can be used for accent purposes and to
create visual focus
Combination of diffuse and direct lighting is the best
illumination system for people at the gaming tables

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Casinos and Gaming Facilities
Lighting Techniques
Visually Subordinate Lighting Systems
IESNA Committee on Casino and Gaming Lighting
recommends minimizing the potential for the lighting
system itself to be distracting and place visual focus on
the gaming area
Indirect systems and direct lighting systems with
concentrating distribution patterns are useful design
tools

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Casinos and Gaming Facilities
Lighting Techniques
Sparkle and Glitter
Enhancing reflection and glitter are useful techniques
for attraction of the customer and care must be taken to
light the individual gaming areas so that the operator,
the customer, and video and live surveillance can view
the game without glare

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Houses of Worship
Lighting Functions
Light for Reading
Accent Lighting
Celebration Lighting
Architectural Lighting

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Houses of Worship
Lighting Functions
Light for Reading
Lighting must provide adequate light for reading prayer
books and hymnals throughout the congregation seeing
area
Light should be uniform, not only for the paper reading
tasks, but also to enable the congregates to see one
another comfortably

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Houses of Worship
Lighting Functions
Accent Lighting
Accent lighting provides visual focus on the leadership
area of the space as well as on religious objects
Modeling of the speaker/leader as well as of three-
dimensional objects is important, as is color rendering

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Houses of Worship
Lighting Functions
Celebration Lighting
Celebration lighting is the festive and joyous lighting
that evokes a special uplift to an occasion often
provided by lighted candles or specialty lanterns
Celebration lighting can enhance many liturgical special
events

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Houses of Worship
Lighting Functions
Architectural Lighting
Architectural features such as arches, trusses, or
painted ceilings should be appropriately illuminated
The architecture of the house of worship itself can be
celebrated with light

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
Daylighting
Stained Glass
General Illumination
Focused Lighting
Control

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
Daylighting
Important part of the design of most religious structures
Through skylights and clerestory windows, daylight can
be used for general lighting in the seating areas as well
as accent lighting in the leadership areas
Natural light also accents the sculpture in the
background

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
Daylighting
Architectural form of the white light “scoop” opposite
the north-facing clerestory windows act as a reflector to
direct diffuse daylight

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
Stained Glass
Stained glass may be used for daytime illumination of
the interior or to provide decorative visual accent
For nighttime effect, the glass may be lighted with
floodlights or from a luminous panel or “light box”

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
General Illumination
General illumination in the sanctuary is usually provided
by a direct system of luminaires with overlapping beam
distribution to alleviate shadowing on the reading tasks
Care should be taken to specify luminaires appropriate
for mounting height because houses of worship are
often designed with high, sloping ceilings
Access for maintenance must be provided

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
General Illumination

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
Focused Lighting
For direct accent lighting on the speaker platform or
leadership area, luminaires should be located so as to
provide light from at least two directions
The IESNA Committee on Lighting for Houses of
Worship recommends these luminaires equipped with a
controllable beam, such as theatrical spotlight, and be
placed approximately 45-55° above horizontal and 30°
to the right and left of the centerline of the object being
lighted

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
Control
Preset control system, which can be programmed for
different functions such as worship service, wedding,
concert or visiting hours will
The visual focus of the space and overall composition
of light help provide flexibility and variety will need to be
different for each event

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Houses of Worship
Lighting Techniques
Control
Examples:
– For somber occasion e.g. wake, downlighting
should predominate
– For a joyous festival celebration, the architectural
features of the building may receive more lighting
emphasis
Control system can also serve to reduce power
consumption by shutting off unneeded lighting systems

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
 Exterior Environments

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting Issues
Lighting for Visual Performance
Lighting for Visual Impact

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting Issues
Weather
Maintenance Obtrusive Light
Controls Ordinances and
Timeswitches Standards
Photocells Safety and Security
Occupancy-sensing Controls Plantings
Vandalism

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting Issues
Weather
Local weather should be understood before designing
the system
It is the designer’s responsibility to anticipate the most
severe weather, and to consider the corresponding light
loss
Lighting system must be adequate during good
conditions as well as during worse conditions

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting Issues
Weather
Protection against moisture and impact should should
be considered where appropriate
Label “Damp and Wet Locations”
– Damp refers to luminaires mounted in exterior but
covered locations
– Wet refers to luminaires in locations exposed
directly to precipitation

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting Issues
Maintenance
To keep the system performing at design levels,
maintaining exterior lighting equipment in order to stand
weather is a must
Group maintenance should be considered where all
lamps in a system are replaced and luminaires cleaned
and checked at scheduled intervals especially if
equipment mounting locations and heights can make
access difficult
Luminaire cleaning and replacement of auxiliary
equipment such as lenses, gaskets, ballasts, ignitors
and photocells should be a part of the maintenance
schedule

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting Issues
Maintenance
In extreme situations, component testing during routine
maintenance maybe desirable e.g. checking ballasts’
performance and replacing as necessary
Regularly scheduled maintenance ensures that the
minimum performance level will be adequate, while
reducing burn-outs between maintenance

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting Issues
Controls
Lighting controls for exterior projects are typically
activated by clocks or the sensing of light levels or
occupancy
Often, more than one control is applied to a luminaire or
to a group of luminaires
– Example: a parking lot lighting system maybe
switched on by one photocell (which senses ambient
lighting levels) for each luminaire but switched of by
a single timeclock
Controls may also be integrated with a facility
management or building automation system

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting Issues
Controls
Timeswitches
– Controls that use clocks re called timeswitches (or
timeclocks) and may include automatic adjustments
for daylight savings and changing seasons, backup
power for uninterrupted timekeeping and additional
features
– Timeswitches typically control groups of luminaires
to turn them on or off at a scheduled time of night,
most frequently at a specified time following the end
of local activities

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting Issues
Controls
Photocells
– Photocell controls switch luminaires on or off in
response to light levels
– Individual or group control can be used, and the
switch can either turn on or off as the light level
increases or decreases
– Photocells can be set to respond at different light
levels, and to go either on or off mode at system
failure e.g. switching on of lights at dusk and off at
dawn

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting Issues
Controls
Photocells
– For tunnel and building entrances, lighting is usually
programmed to be at higher intensities during
daylight periods and lower at night to enable easier
transition and mitigate sudden changes in
illuminance levels
– Different types of photocells are available, each
having distinct properties and performance

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting Issues
Controls
Occupancy-sensing Controls
– Occupancy activated controls are used in some
exterior applications, particularly security lighting
– These controls work in a similar manner to interior
occupancy sensors, switching on when occupancy
is detected and off after a specified period with no
occupancy
– Use of these control devices is not recommended
with HID sources because of the restrike and warm
up time

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting Issues
Controls
Switching and controls often play an increasing role in
the usefulness of the lighting system as the facility
increases in size
Large sports facilities often have a number of switching
schemes, which encompass everything from clean-up
to practice to televised competition
Safety and /or security lighting might require using a
quartz instant re-strike feature in HID luminaires, or an
additional lighting system

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting Issues
Controls
Manual dimmer and wall switch
Occupancy-sensing control

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting Issues
Vandalism
Typical techniques for minimizing vandalism include
mounting equipment sufficiently high, using hardened
(durable) luminaires and installing additional equipment
to light important areas from more than one direction
Mounting heights of 3.5 to 4 m may be necessary to
remove luminaires from easy attack

Module 4 – Lighting Applications Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Exterior Environments
Exterior Lighting Issues
Vandalism
Hardened luminaires may incorporate polycarbonate
lenses, wire or mesh enclosures, glare shields and
other attachments e.g. vandal-proof screws to help
prevent vandalism
Additional luminaires are often used to provide
supplementary lighting from more than one direction in
important areas and may be used to “highlight” the
luminaires in the principal lighting system, to further
avoid vandalism because of increased visibility

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Vandalism
Controls and power supply should also be protected
from vandalism
Example:
– A lighting system that locates luminaires high on
poles but leaves easy access to photocells or wiring
(through the handholes) may not be an effective
solution

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Vandalism
Since steps taken to reduce vandalism can affect the
performance of the lighting system, these methods
(luminaire types, mounting heights and use of
protective devices) must be included I the design stage
Vandalism reduction measures may also help to make
the equipment less susceptible to everyday mechanical
damage, but typically increase the difficulty of
maintenance

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Vandalism

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Exterior Lighting Issues
Obtrusive Light
The lighting designer should be familiar with glare, light
trespass, sky glow and other lighting elements and be
prepared to design a lighting system that meets the
needs of the client/owner while also considering the
effect of the lighting system on the natural and
aesthetic environment of the area
Applications such as building facades, landscapes and
central business districts sometimes require lighting to
be aimed upward

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Obtrusive Light
Roadway, pathway and area lighting typically do not
require uplight, but other exterior lighting systems might
require it
Luminous flux above the horizontal does not always
benefit exterior lighting projects, but can add to glare,
spill light and light trespass
Luminous flux above the horizontal and reflected light
also contributes to sky glow which is an immensely
important issue with the professional and amateur
astronomical community

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Obtrusive Light
Fixtures with some cutoff characteristics in the
photometric distribution are recommended for exterior
lighting unless it is essential to have luminous flux
above the horizontal
Area, pathway and roadway lighting equipment should
have distributions that are at least “semi-cutoff” while
“full cutoff”should Always be considered
When it is necessary to have a luminous flux above the
horizontal, the designer should be diligent in keeping
the above-horizontal flux as low as practical to
accomplish the intended effect

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Obtrusive Light
Spill light can be controlled by selecting:
– Proper luminaires
– Proper mounting height
– Use of external and internal shielding
– Use of low reflectance finishes on reflecting
surfaces

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Obtrusive Light
Raising mounting heights and using sharper cutoff
luminaires can reduce spill light most effectively
Visits to the site during the day and at night can identify
potential effects the lighting design may have on
adjacent property and the impact those properties may
have on the proposed design
The least expensive way to deal with light trespass and
sky glow from exterior lighting is to consider the issues
prior to the design phase

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Obtrusive Light
The design might affect the properties several blocks
away or areas where the properties are set above or
below the design site, so special care should be taken
to eliminate or limit glare and light trespass
A site visit can also influence decisions regarding the
type of luminaire, mounting height, light source,
overhang/setback, plus other possible criteria to be
used in the design

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Ordinances and Standards
Adoption of lighting ordinances and standards enables
jurisdictions to restrict, direct and check on exterior
lighting systems and presents designers with additional
requirements for each project
The designer is responsible for finding out which
ordinances and standards apply, and how to
demonstrate compliance
Clarification of the details of ordinances and standards
may be necessary, and should be provided by the
official responsible for the review of the submittal

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Ordinances and Standards
Common requirements of standards and ordinances
are illumination quantity and quality criteria and
restrictions on lamp lumens or luminaire distributions
Requirements for submittal and review may include
photometric plans and luminaire product literature (“cut-
sheets”), to demonstrate compliance, particularly with
controlling spill light

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Safety and Security
Safety concerns can be addressed by appropriate
lighting of hazards such as stairs, curbs, sloped
walkways and other obstacles
Property protection is one important aspect of security
lighting
Security lighting provides illumination to deter would-be
criminals by facilitating detection and identification, and
allows individuals and guards to view the surrounding
area(s)

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Safety and Security

Property protection

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Safety and Security
Safety and security lighting should be resistant to
vandalism and be well maintained
Inoperative lights can create hazards and reduce
security
Critical locations should be covered by at least two
luminaires for reliability

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Safety and Security
Safety lighting for each project should be reviewed by
envisioning moving through the area as users will, and
anticipating every hazard-particularly changes in
direction or level of a walkway
It is important to consider all directions of travel and the
needs of emergency situations, to avoid “injury to self”
during extreme weather conditions

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Safety and Security
Security lighting intended to improve visibility within an
area for both deterrence and identification to avoid
“injury by others” because it is important what is to be
visible and to whom
Objects to be illuminated must be clearly identified so
surveillance equipment and personnel (for deterrence
and for their security) is a must as well as storage
yards and fence lines

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Safety and Security

Improve visibility and

crime deterrence

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Safety and Security
Consider the recommendations carefully to insure that
the correct uniformity ratio (“average to minimum” or
“maximum to minimum”) is achieved for the application
Improve visibility by controlling glare and providing a
properly uniform and balanced luminous environment

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Safety and Security
Reflective surfaces can produce problems from an
imbalance of interior and exterior lighting levels for
guard facilities, as well as drive-up bank teller windows,
or other interior/exterior spaces with security concerns
Equal illumination inside and outside will improve
visibility for the people inside

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Safety and Security
It is important to know what or when to light since
excessive light levels at a gateway may make
observation of the surrounding fence more difficult
Lighting can make a space more public and improve
security by increasing the use of the area by making it
more inviting

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Safety and Security
Designers should evaluate the vertical illuminance at
1.5 m above grade to light faces
Important visual information for the surrounding areas
is routes of approach, escape and avoidance

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Safety and Security
Problem spots such as confined spaces, hidden
entrances and exits, which are possible hiding places,
should be made as visible as possible so individuals
can see approaching persons and evaluate their intent,
and know where they can go to avoid a confrontation

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Safety and Security
Illuminate and balance the lighting since overly bright
areas can be problematic when people are placed in
the “spot light” with decreased ability to see their own
surroundings
Uniform lighting, when the contrast between faces and
background is moderate (no more than 4 to 1), will
make people easier to identify

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Safety and Security
“Peep hole lighting” should provide vertical illumination
on the face of people at the door and also the
surrounding area for residential entries and possible
sites of forced entry to ensure that no one is hiding
nearby
Motion control devices can be useful for controlling
luminaires especially for driveway before people exit a
car, or for a back stair as someone approaches
Glare should be considered both as deterrent to
criminals and a hazard for the residents and should be
confined within the property boundary

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Safety and Security
Simple solutions such as mirrors on stairs, and closing
off or lighting up hiding places, can be most effective
for multiple residence facilities
To avoid vandalism or damage of the lighting system,
making the luminaire, power supply and controls by
highlighting the equipment itself can help

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Plantings
Landscape plantings spread and increase in girth and
height over time unless they are carefully trimmed on a
regular basis
Information about growth patterns of plantings from
local nurseries or agricultural extension services should
be known beforehand

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Floodlighting Basics
Area Lighting Basics
Roadways
Parking Lots
Walkways and Bikeways
Sports Facilities
Automated Teller Machines

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Floodlighting Basics
Light distribution described in degrees of beam spread
or NEMA Type
Beam spread described in two (2) ways:
– Beam Angle
– Field Angle

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Floodlighting Basics
Beam Angle (in any plane):
– The angle between the two directions in the plane
in which the intensity is equal to 50% of the
maximum beam intensity

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Floodlighting Basics
Field Angle (in any plane):
– The angle between the two directions in the plane
in which the intensity is equal to 10% of the
maximum beam intensity

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Floodlighting Basics
NEMA or IESNA beam types are determined by “field
angles”
Symmetrical floodlights have the same horizontal and
vertical beam spread and are classified with one NEMA
number
Asymmetrical beam spreads have separate horizontal
and vertical designations (H, V), with the horizontal
value always given first

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Floodlighting Basics

Symmetrical beam spread Asymmetrical beam spread

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Floodlighting Basics
Beam spread should provide the right amount of light in
the desired location
Typical area lighting layouts will have luminaires
mounted at the edge of the area to be lighted
Floodlights usually cover a distance up to 3 times the
mounting height and are generally aimed 2/3 of the
distance across the area to be lighted and at least 30°
below horizontal

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Floodlighting Basics
If the floodlight is aimed at the far side of the area or
less than 30° below horizontal, there will be substantial
glare and /or spill light
If the floodlight is aimed at the near side of the area,
the far side will not receive adequate light, and a hot
spot will be created near the floodlight location

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Floodlighting Basics

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Floodlighting Basics
Best lateral uniformity is not obtained by the typical
“quarter point” layout, locating identical luminaires
evenly spaced with a ½ spacing distance to the edge
With such a pattern, the area midway between two
luminaires has contributions from both luminaires, while
at the edge there is only one luminaire contributing

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Floodlighting Basics
Illuminance at the edge will be about half that at the
midpoint and the luminaires should be spaced so the
illuminance at the edge is at least as high as the
illuminance at the midpoint between luminaires
Typical layout patterns and exact proportions depend
on the photometric distribution of the luminaire

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Area Lighting Basics
Area lighting refers to the lighting of open level areas
with luminaires mounted above grade, typically on
poles or buildings
Designers will often use similar luminaires throughout
the project, with single or multiple luminaires on one
pole with the intent of providing sufficient horizontal
illuminance at grade, with corresponding uniformity

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Area Lighting Basics
Applications include:
– Open parking lots
– Walkways and bikeways
– Storage yards
– Sports facilities
Area lighting luminaires are designed to provide a
variety of light distributions for different project
geometries

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Area Lighting Basics
Distributions have been classified by IESNA based on
the transverse (projection), longitudinal (lateral) and
cutoff characteristics of the photometric data
Five (5) Basic Classification Types (types I, II, III, IV
and V) used to describe the transverse distribution
patterns of area luminaires which are shapes based on
where the maximum candlepower and the trace of the
half-maximum values fall, as measured in units of
fixture mounting height
Each of these types can have longitudinal
classifications of short, medium or long

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Area Lighting Basics
These classifications are a general guide that should
only be used as a starting point in the fixture selection
process as are similar classifications used for
floodlighting
Photometric distribution classifications according to
cutoff characteristics:
– Full cutoff
– Cutoff
– Semi-cutoff
– Noncutoff

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Area Lighting Basics
Full Cutoff
– A luminaire’s light distribution is designated as full
cutoff when the candlepower per 1,000 lamp
lumens does not numerically exceed 0 (0%) at or
above a vertical angle of 90 above nadir
(horizontal) and 100 (10%) at or above a vertical
angle of 80 above nadir which applies to any
lateral angle around the luminaire

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Area Lighting Basics
Cutoff
– A luminaire’s light distribution is designated as
cutoff when the candlepower per 1,000 lamp
lumens does not numerically exceed 25 (2.5%) at
or above a vertical angle of 90 above nadir
(horizontal) and 100 (10%) at or above a vertical
angle of 80 above nadir which applies to any
lateral angle around the luminaire

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Area Lighting Basics
Semicutoff
– A luminaire’s light distribution is designated as
cutoff when the candlepower per 1,000 lamp
lumens does not numerically exceed 50 (5%) at or
above a vertical angle of 90 above nadir
(horizontal) and 100 (10%) at or above a vertical
angle of 80 above nadir which applies to any
lateral angle around the luminaire

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Area Lighting Basics
Noncutoff
– A luminaire’s light distribution is designated as
cutoff when the candlepower per 1,000 lamp
lumens does not numerically exceed 50 (5%) at or
above a vertical angle of 90 above nadir
(horizontal) and 100 (10%) at or above a vertical
angle of 80 above nadir which applies to any
lateral angle around the luminaire

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Area Lighting Basics

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Area Lighting Basics
Area lighting will often have repetitive patterns,
following the project geometry
An appropriate combination of lamp lumens,
photometric distribution and pole height can provide
economical and effective lighting system but mounting
location and height restrictions may change the system
geometry
In addition, shadowing concerns may lead to changes
It is important to arrange the luminaire spacing for the
best uniformity when using area luminaires

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Area Lighting Basics

When using more than

one pole, pole spacing
should be not more
than 4 times the
mounting height (MH)

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Area Lighting Basics

Divide the width and

length of area by 4x
per pole when poles
are inside the lighted
area or when at the
perimeter of the lot,
but not at the corners

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Area Lighting Basics
Lateral spacing should be spaced so the illuminance at
the edge is at least as high the illuminance at the
midpoint between luminaires
It may be desirable to light the edge of an area to a
higher level than the middle due to security, shadowing
and the expected reflectance in the space
In all cases, spill light should be controlled

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Roadways
Roadway lighting is one of the most common exterior
lighting applications providing for drivers, pedestrians
and associated users
Some projects are intended solely to provide
illumination for vehicles, while other projects are part of
an overall streetscape design
Even such different projects have common elements
The equipment is almost always located in the public
right of way and may significantly affect the surrounding
areas

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Roadways
Roadway users are sometimes affected by lighting in
the surrounding areas
Issues discussed in the section on obtrusive light are
particularly relevant in roadway lighting
Prior to 1983, roadway lighting design criteria were
based on illuminance values, with associated uniformity
criteria, for each roadway and area classifications

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Roadways
Classifications according to the activity in the
surrounding areas:
– Freeway Class A
– Freeway Class B
– Expressway
– Major
– Collector
– Local
For each classification, the average maintained
illuminance and the uniformity ratio for average to
minimum were specified

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Roadways

Photometric Distribution

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Roadways
In 1983, roadway Lighting was revised to include
pavement luminance as an alternative design
procedure, with an additional criterion of veiling
luminance (or glare)
This procedure uses a calculation technique that
extends the evaluation of the lighting beyond
illuminance, “light landing on a surface”, to include the
directional reflectance characteristics of pavement
surfaces and the corresponding luminance, “light
coming off a surface”

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Roadways
Four types of roadway surfaces are defined, with
separate specularity and reflectance characteristics,
described in the tables of coefficients provided in RP-8
Concrete roads correspond to R1 surface, and blacktop
or asphalt roads to the R3 surface
More discussion on the r-tables is available in the
current RP-8

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Roadways

Effect of road surface

reflectance on luminance

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Roadways
The veiling luminance produced by a roadway lighting
system is principally a function of the luminaire’s
photometric distribution, and can be affected somewhat
by changing the geometry of the lighting system
Luminaires with less light at “high angles” (between
horizontal down to 80 above nadir) will tend to have
lower veiling luminance values (i.e. less glare)
In general, luminaires with more stringent cutoff will
produce less glare and less obtrusive light but may
need to be placed closer together, increasing the
quantity of luminaires needed

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Roadways
The basic one-side and opposite arrangements have
an obvious luminaire spacing, defined as the distance
between luminaires on the same side of the roadway,
but the staggered arrangement is sometimes defined
differently in manufacturers literature and in other texts
The one-side arrangements have one luminaire per
spacing, while the staggered and opposite
arrangements have two

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Roadways

Opposite/staggered
luminaire arrangement

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Roadways
The geometry of a typical lighting system can be
described by a simple set of measurements, assuming
that the luminaires are not tilted, which would change
the photometrics, and that they are aimed directly
across he street
Arrangement, spacing, mounting height and
overhang/setback distance make up the geometry of
the lighting system

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Roadways
Additional data required for evaluating a roadway
lighting system are the luminaire photometric
distribution data, the appropriate lamp lumen value, the
light loss factor and, for luminance calculations, the
pavement surface type
Procedure for evaluating roadway lighting design is
described in ANSI/IESNA publication RP-00

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Roadways
The illuminance and luminance are both calculated at the
positions of a surface grid, using point by point
calculation procedures like those described in Module 4,
Lighting Calculations
Luminance calculation also includes additional steps to
convert the illuminance from each luminaire to the
corresponding reflected luminance, and to calculate the
veiling luminance values associated with each point
Average, minimum and maximum values are derived
from the values at the grid points, and then used in
calculating the uniformity ratios

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Roadways
Proper arrangement of poles
– Single sided left preferred to right for a curve to the right

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Roadways
Proper arrangement of poles
– Opposite Arrangement preferred to staggered for a curve

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Roadways
Once a lighting system meets all the criteria for a design,
this “typical” pattern of the lighting system is then
applied to the particular road
Projects generally include straight and curved sections
and intersections, crosswalks, interchanges, entrances,
exits and other conflict areas
The designer is responsible for adjusting the typical
pattern as needed by the actual situation, so that the
requirements of the curves and conflict areas are met by
reducing the spacing of the luminaires to provide the
appropriate increase in lighting

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Roadways
At intersections, the average illuminance should be
equal to the sum of the recommended values associated
with each road that forms the intersection
In some cases, this can be significantly different from
the average for one of the roads, and may require an
additional adjustment in the vicinity of the intersection,
for the sake of uniformity along the roadway
It is important that each and every path through conflict
areas be considered, to ensure that the lighting system
does meet the needs of every intended use

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Parking Lots
Parking lots are areas where vehicles and pedestrians
mix so that the lighting system should meet the needs of
both groups, and particularly allow them to see each
other clearly
Classification of parking lots is based on whether the lot
is open or enclosed, such as a parking structure, and
also on the general activity level
For pedestrian security, designers should remember the
earlier discussion under security about vertical
illuminance at 1.5m above grade

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Parking Lots
It is useful to recognize that this roughly corresponds to
the height of vehicles, and that shadowing between
vehicles may be a concern
While illuminance at grade is specified by the criteria,
vertical illuminance at 1.5m above grade is also
important
For enclosed lots, the luminance of the structure itself is
important, and can noticeably affect the quality of the
design

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Parking Lots
As the quantity and uniformity of illuminance increases
on the ceiling, walls and columns of the structure, the
vertical and horizontal illumination throughout the space
improves which make shadows decrease and visibility
better
While this does not apply in the same way in open lots, a
lighting system can be adjusted to provide suitable
vertical and horizontal illumination
Increasing mounting heights and decreasing spacing
between poles can reduce shadows and improve
visibility

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Parking Lots
The use of different photometric distributions may help,
but care should be taken to control glare
Conflict areas in parking lots are vehicle intersections
and pedestrian crosswalks and should be illuminated to
meet the combined requirements of each pathway
For crosswalks, this would mean that the average
illuminance is equal to the sum of the values for the
roadway and the walkway

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Parking Lots

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Parking Lots
An evaluation of the design is made through the point
by point calculations of direct illuminance from all the
luminaires to each point, as discussed in Lighting
Calculations
The selection of grid points is important
To properly model the lighting system performance, the
grid must include all of a parking lot and not additional
areas

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Parking Lots
The spacing of the grid should be sufficiently small, to
ensure the calculations will provide accurate average,
maximum and minimum values
The use of templates, showing the coverage by one
luminaire or by a set of luminaires on one pole, with a
specific lamp lumen value and mounting height, can be
very helpful in designing the pattern
Light loss factors should be included when developing
templates

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Walkways and Bikeways
Walkways and bikeways can be either a part of or
separate from roadways
When they are part of the roadway, they should be
included in the design for that roadway
In either case, the intent is to provide lighting for both
navigating the path and seeing the other people on the
path

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Walkways and Bikeways

Photometric Distribution

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Walkways and Bikeways
The criteria for walkway and bikeway lighting include
average illuminance at grade for typical applications and
minimum vertical illuminance at 1.5m above grade for
areas with special security considerations which also
include a uniformity criterion for both
It is important to visit the site for walkway and bikeway
projects, to evaluate the surroundings and their lighting
level as well as the pathways themselves
Safety and security are important in walkways and
bikeways, and the additional issues about surroundings,
trees, maintenance and vandalism also apply

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Sports Facilities
Sporting events are increasingly played and watched at
night, outdoors as well as indoors
Illumination requirements are increasing, and with this
comes the associated problems of glare the need to
limit light trespass and color rendering for better visual
performance
Sportslighting cannot be accomplished by the methods
of approximation, but rather requires calculations using
sophisticated computer programs

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Sports Facilities
Sports Luminaire

Photometric Distribution

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Sports Facilities
Rather than dividing competition level into simply
amateur and professional, a “class of play” approach is
necessary
Classes are based on the skill level of play, as well as
the associated number of spectators i.e. the number of
spectators is generally proportional to the skill level of
the players
Sports can be divided into two groups:
– Aerial sports
– Ground-level sports

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Sports Facilities
These groups can be subdivided into uni-directional and
multi-directional sports
Typical aerial sports would be golf (uni-directional) and
basketball (multi-directional) or football (multi-
directional)
Typical ground-level sports would be bowling (uni-
directional) and hockey (multi-directional)

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Sports Facilities

Night Golf

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Sports Facilities
The goal of lighting for sports is to provide an
appropriate luminous environment by controlling the
luminance of the playing target (e.g., ball) and its
background so the target will appear clear and sharp to
the players, spectators, and television viewers
To achieve this objective, both qualitative and
quantitative factors of illumination must be considered
Speed of sport, purpose of play, level of skill, capacity of
spectators, and requirements of broadcasting determine
illuminance criteria
Generally, when the visual target must be observed at
high speeds and at close rage between players, higher
illuminance is needed

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Sports Facilities
Higher levels of competition require higher levels of
illuminance, as does the resulting requirement of
increased speed and accuracy
As spectator capacity increases, the average observer is
usually farther away from the visual target, so higher
illuminance is again needed
In the largest of venues, events are often televised,
requiring illuminance 1.5 to 2 times higher than that
sufficient for play only

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Sports Facilities
Along with determining quantity, it is necessary to
associate the proper quality of illuminance
Quality metrics include: uniformity, glare, contrast,
modeling, and flicker
The metrics most commonly used as design criteria
describe uniformity: maximum-to-minimum (Max/Min)
ratio for illuminance values, coefficient of variation
(C.V.), and uniformity gradient

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Sports Facilities
Coefficient of variation is the ratio of the standard
deviation of the illuminances to the mean of the
illuminances
Uniformity gradient is a measure of the rate of change of
illuminance expressed as a ratio between adjacent
values on a uniform grid

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Sports Facilities
The most common outdoor installations are baseball
(softball), football, soccer and tennis facilities
Football fields commonly use four poles ranging in
height from 15 to 35m
Baseball fields often use shorter poles (due to shorter
setback distances and grater quantity of poles) ranging
from 12 to 25m

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Sports Facilities

Large spectator capacity

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Sports Facilities
These poles may have steps attached to them, with a
platform structure at the top commonly called a “cage”,
to facilitate maintenance
A “crossarm” system might also been employed, which
consists of support arms attached directly to see the
pole at varying mounting heights
The required minimum mounting height of luminaires is
dictated by a formula using setback distance and field
width (see discussion in Floodlighting Basics)

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Sports Facilities
Pole height is often limited to a height that allows service
equipment (bucket trucks) to provide access to the
luminaires
A sportslighting project should be field verified and
evaluated for light trespass limitations more than any
other type of lighting installations
RP-6 contains information on this topic, and the
definitive source for field verification techniques in
IESNA LM-5, which explains the methods involved

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Sports Facilities

Visual comfort for crowds

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Automated Teller Machines
The need for lighting at Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
locations has increased in importance because of the
potential crime
The issues discussed about security lighting apply
(IESNA DG-9-97, Lighting for Automated Teller Machine
Specifically it is important to provide sufficient lighting
for the visual tasks of operating the ATM and also for the
safety of the user
Simply highlighting the machine produces a “spotlight”
effect that does not provide user safety or equipment
security

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Automated Teller Machines
Some states have specific requirements for lighting ATM
and the discussion about ordinances and standards
would apply

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Lighting Applications for Visual Impact
Landscape
Building Facades
Monuments
Signage
Retail and Commercial

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Landscape
Landscape lighting includes ‘softscape” (e.g. greenery
and plantings) and “hardscape” (e.g., paths, walls,
gazebos, and fountains)
One of the most common objectives in lighting is display
– showing off the softscape and hardscape as desired
Visual choreography may be the most important aspect
of the project: leading people along paths, enticing them
to explore, and highlighting focal points

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Landscape

Fountain

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Landscape
Landscape lighting should always include provisions for
safety and security and glare should be avoided
Pathways should be visible and any changes in level or
direction made evident but just lighting pathway may
not be sufficient
The surroundings should appropriately illuminated to
create a visibility zone around individuals to produce a
sense of security

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Building Facades
Façade lighting creates the nighttime image of a
building, while disappearing during the daytime
The lighting can reinforce the architectural pattern that is
visible in the daytime, or produce a dramatic contrast
The first issue in façade lighting is identifying what
should be lighted – and by corollary what should not be
lighted

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Building Facades

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Building Facades
Direction and source color can dramatically alter the
effect of the lighting, and the brightness of illuminated
areas should be appropriate for the surroundings
Glare at building entries and exits and along pathways
must be controlled
Façade lighting should not detract from the basic safety
and security provided by the facility’s lighting, with
consideration for the potential glare inside the building

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Building Facades

To create ambiance

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Building Facades
Maintenance deserves particular attention, since the
building’s appearance may be especially sensitive to
performance or maintenance
A well maintained wall wash lighting produces a very
different image from one with burned out lamps
Access and scheduling should be reviewed-servicing
fountain lights is much easier when the fountain is
drained, and hard to reach floodlights should be group
relamped before burnouts degrade the appearance

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Monuments
Lighting monuments can be considered similar to
floodlighting or façade lighting, but typically on a smaller
scale (although not always, as in the case of the Statue
of Liberty), same issues apply but some particular
concerns should be addressed
Source color may be very important in rendering
monuments
The material and finish of the monument should be
considered, and producing a mock-up may be helpful

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Monuments
Monuments are often accessible by pedestrians, and the
selection and location of equipment should anticipate
this
Equipment that would be suitable for other locations
may not be suitable where pedestrians walk and snow is
cleared
The same uplight that boldly highlights the monument
when seen from a distance may produce excessive glare
when someone tries to read an inscription on the
monument

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Monuments

Emphasize the character

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Monuments
Multiple luminaires should be used where vandalism is
a concern
This reduces the effect of burnouts and makes the
entire location more visible and less susceptible to
vandalism

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Signage
Signage is a very common exterior lighting project,
from roadway information to commercial signage, with
both external and internal lighting are used for signs
The most important issue is the relative luminance of
the sign in comparison to its surroundings
Source color may be important, to render the sign and
to improve its visibility

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Signage

Photometric Distribution

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Signage
Spill light, glare and maintenance are again concerns, for
either internally or externally lighted signs
Lighting that spotlights one side of a sign may also
produce excessive glare when viewed from another
direction

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Retail and Commercial
Many businesses have exterior lighting as part of a
commercial or retail facility
These can range from car dealerships to drive-up stores
to miniature golf courses
With this wide range of applications, the specific issues
for each business are beyond this module

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Retail and Commercial

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Retail and Commercial
Typically, each project can be sub-divided into pieces
that are recognizable lighting tasks, such as display
lighting, roadway lighting, or sports lighting
General issues discussed in this module still apply, in
particular spill light, ordinances and standards may be
relevant
Every facility is likely to have pathways, entrances and
signage

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Retail and Commercial
While security is important issue for businesses,
business owners should be encouraged to turn off
lighting after hours, leaving on only what is necessary
for security
This concept is sometimes difficult to implement, if the
same lighting system is used for highlighting and
providing security for the merchandise
Energy management programs and, in some
jurisdictions, lighting ordinances and standards, may
require that the light levels be reduced during certain
period of the night

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Control strategies play an important role in the
performance of security systems- simply switching off
every other luminaire can create shadows and dark
spots, while also complicating any maintenance
scheduling

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 Lighting Cost

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Installation Costs (Initial or First Costs)
Financing Costs
Design and Management Costs
Energy Costs
Maintenance Costs
Human Factors
Environmental Benefits (Externalities)

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Installation Costs
Also called as initial costs or first costs, are all the
costs to purchase and install a fully functioning
system in a building, including:
Equipment Cost
Labor to Install Equipment
Labor to Commission
Discounts

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Installation Costs
Equipment Cost
Includes distributor’s and contractor’s mark-up, and
shipping charges
Labor to Install Equipment
Includes placement, wiring, cleaning and contractor’s
mark-up
Reduction in wiring and installation costs can often
counterbalance more expensive equipment

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Installation Costs
Labor to Commission
Include training of building employees in proper
operation of the system
Any project involving moving parts or adjustable
settings needs to be commissioned on-site to be sure
that it is functioning as intended
Commissioning costs should be included in any budget
allowance

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Installation Costs
Discounts
Include rebates or incentive payments and should also
be factored into installation costs
Utility companies have often tried to encourage the
installation of more efficient systems by helping to “buy
down” the installation cost with incentive payments or
rebates to the building owner
Check current program rules and availability with local
utility representative if such incentives will be available
for a given project

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Financing Costs
Increase in initial cost or extension of the construction
finance period multiplies the final cost of a project
Financing costs can easily equal or exceed the
installation costs of a project
For private sector projects, managers should try to
take advantage of the reduced operation costs and
improvement in overall building value of a new
lighting installation to help leverage the financing
limits for a project

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Financing Costs
Banks typically determine their financing allowance
based on expected income from tenants, less all
operating costs, times a capitalization rate
Energy Savings Companies (ESCOs) finances
lighting renovation projects through “energy cost
sharing” to help large institutions and governments by
taking a share of the energy savings
Governments created a new form of contracting
called “energy services performance contracting”
(ESPC) to take advantage of this financing form

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Design and Management Costs
Professional design services add to a project’s real
cost, as does the time to manage those design
services
An experienced and qualified practitioner knows how
to optimize a lighting system for the owner’s needs
and can greatly improve the economic value of a
project

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Design and Management Costs
Lighting design practitioners who are asked to
perform careful economic analyses or create
alternative scenarios for comparison will expect to be
paid for additional services and should be included in
preparing the total project cost
Building owners prefer making quick, well-informed
decisions rather than spending a great deal of time
considering alternatives and approving design
changes and usually hire certified lighting designers
and professionals

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Energy Costs
Full assessment of energy costs include:
Per-unit energy charges
Demand charges
Fixed charges
Escalation rates
Discounts and other benefits

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Energy Costs
Per-unit energy charges
Most lighting energy analysis assumed an average cost
per kilowatt hour using this simple equation:

Energy cost /year = connected load in kilowatts x hours of operation/year

x Electricity price/kWh

Per-unit energy charges become more complex when

they vary by time of use of different systems and the
load profile for the building and should be included in
order to fully understand cost savings due to energy
efficiency measures

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Energy Costs
Demand Charges
Demand impacts include when particular watts are
used, by season or time of day, and how lighting loads
relate to other loads in the building since peak demand
charges can become more costly than overall per unit
energy charges
Such an analysis requires more information and usually
employs a program that can simulate building energy
use hour by hour

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Energy Costs
Demand Charges
Demand savings are also rarely certain, and difficult to
attribute to one building system over another
Using photocontrols in conjunction with daylighting offer
considerable opportunities to reduce peak lighting
demand but works out in a case-by-case basis

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Energy Costs
Fixed Charges
Utility companies shift more of the cost of providing
electricity to fixed charges per customer such as
connection charges, variable time-of-day rates, fixed
monthly charges, peak use surcharges, transmission
charges, distribution charges, etc.
Minimizing the advertised cost of electricity per hour
makes the incremental value of energy savings seem
significant

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Energy Costs
Escalation Rates
Since energy prices are expected to rise in the future,
the value of current energy savings also increases
To simplify and standardized life cycle cost analysis,
escalation rates are usually predicted for energy
escalation rates by fuels type but deregulation makes
these prediction les certain

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Energy Costs
Discounts and Other Benefits
Deregulation promises building owners more options in
fee structures but allows the price of energy to float
with the open market making the time value of energy
savings even more unpredictable
Free phone services based on energy bills or an initial
discount on energy rates for the first year are some of
the “come ons” used by utilities to lure customers, but
building managers should carefully analyze their billing
structure in order to understand the relationship
between energy use and energy cost to take advantage
of these options

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Maintenance Costs
The cost of maintaining a lighting system include:
Routine maintenance, such as cleaning luminaires,
troubleshooting systems, spot on replacement of early
failures, including both labor and equipment costs
Scheduled group replacement, including labor and
equipment costs
Stocking cost to warehouse parts, or order as needed
Disposal costs for lamps and ballasts

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Maintenance Costs
Labor and equipment costs should be included in any
comparison between system options since it will
escalate over time
Maintenance costs are periodic and a life cycle cost
analysis is the most sensitive approach to evaluate its
impact

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Maintenance Costs
Lighting maintenance costs will be reduced by:
Reducing the number of luminaires and variety of
components per facility
Extending the system’s life
Improving the system’s reliability
Increasing the accessibility and simplicity of the system
Improving the cleanliness or air tightness of a system
so that there’s less dirt accumulation

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Maintenance Costs
Making the system more environmentally benign so that
disposal and liability costs are reduced

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Human Factors
The ideal economic analysis would include human
factors in the costs and benefits of different lighting
systems
Productivity benefits are very difficult to quantify in
terms of monetary savings
Numerous studies showed that lighting conditions
affect user performance, be it students or factory
workers, on various tasks

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Human Factors
Business Costs vs. Business Operating Costs

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Human Factors
Clearly, productivity impacts are vastly more
important than energy savings, but if a lighting system
causes any loss in productivity the impacts are just
great so it is an excellent argument for investing in
professional design services to ensure that lighting
installations truly optimize conditions for workers

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Environmental Impacts
Environmental impacts that are not charged directly to
a building owner are also very difficult to include in an
economic analysis
While most business owners may have good
intentions to help the environment, these intentions
are likely to be dropped unless they can be included
in the bottom line equation

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Environmental Impacts
Environmental labeling programs attempt to make
environmental benefits more tangible by providing a
business owner with a third-party evaluation that they
have achieved a real reduction in environmental
impacts
Labeling programs also offer an opportunity for
marketing and advertising benefits that may improve
the bottom line

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Environmental Impacts
The US EPA’s Energy Star Buildings program, the US
Green Building Council’s LEED labeling system, and
various other “green” or “sustainable” building rating
programs are all efforts to increase the value of
environmentally sensitive buildings

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Environmental Impacts
An alternative approach adopted by some
government agencies is a policy allowing a blanket
“environmental multiplier”, on the order of 10%, to the
annual value of any energy savings to account for
various externalities like a reduction in acid rain or
smog generation due to power plants

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