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Wind Power

The document discusses wind energy and wind turbines. It covers topics like the power available from wind, the Betz limit on energy extraction, common losses in the system, different types of turbines like VAWT and HAWT, and considerations in turbine design and construction.

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Anand
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48 views21 pages

Wind Power

The document discusses wind energy and wind turbines. It covers topics like the power available from wind, the Betz limit on energy extraction, common losses in the system, different types of turbines like VAWT and HAWT, and considerations in turbine design and construction.

Uploaded by

Anand
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT 3

WIND ENERGY
Power available in wind
• Power available in wind (in Watts) = ½ * air
density * swept area * wind velocity
• Pa=1/2 *P*A*V
or
• Pa=1/8 *P* D *V
• Where,
– air density P = 1.23 kg per cubic meter at sea level,
– Swept area is in square meters
– wind velocity is in meters per second.
Betz Limit
• Betz calculated that there's a limit to how
much power a turbine blade can extract from
the wind.
• Beyond the Betz Limit of 59.26% energy
extraction, more and more air tends to go
around the turbine rather than through it,
• with air pooling up in front. So 59.26% is the
absolute maximum that can be extracted from
the available power.
Betz Limit
Losses
• There are additional losses after Betz.
• No alternator or generator is 100% efficient in
converting the energy in a rotating shaft into
electricity.
• There are friction losses from bearings, and
from any gearing that's involved in the power
conversion.
• electrical resistance losses also
Power co-efficient (Cp)
• Power co-efficient (Cp), describes that fraction
of the power in the wind that may converted
by the wind turbine in to mechanical work
• Cp (max) = 0.593 (popularly known as Betz co-
efficient)
Lift and drag forces
Types of turbines
VAWT
 Drag is the main force

 Nacelle is placed at the bottom

 Yaw mechanism is not required

 Lower starting torque

 Difficulty in mounting the turbine

 Unwanted fluctuations in the power output


HAWT
 Lift is the main force

 Much lower cyclic stresses

 95% of the existing turbines are HAWTs

 Nacelle is placed at the top of the tower

 Yaw mechanism is required


Two types of HAWT
DOWNWIND TURBINE UPWIND TURBINE
Counter Rotating HAWT
 Increase the rotation speed
 Rear one is smaller and stalls at high
wind speeds
 Operates for wider range of wind speeds
Offshore turbines
 More wind speeds

 Less noise pollution

 Less visual impact

 Difficult to install and maintain

 Energy losses due long distance


transport
A Typical HAWT
Turbine design and construction
 Blades

 Material used

 Typical length

 Tower height

 Heights twice the blade length are


found economical
 Number of blades
 Three blade HAWT are most efficient
 Two blade turbines don’t require a hub
 As the number increases; noise, wear and cost increase
and efficiency decreases
 Multiple blade turbines are generally used for water
pumping purposes
 Rotational control
 Maintenance

 Noise reduction

 Centripetal force reduction

 Mechanisms
 Stalling

 Furling
 Yaw Mechanism
 To turn the turbine against the wind
 Yaw error and fatigue loads
 Uses electric motors and gear boxes
 Wind turbine safety
 Sensors – controlling vibrations
 Over speed protection
 Aero dynamic braking
 Mechanical braking

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