Liza Mulyadiana

061001800506 Chapter 1 1
Summary Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS
1. THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY 6. SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES
• Thermodynamics is the science that primarily deals with SYSTEM
energy.
2. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY PRINCIPLE: OPEN CLOSED
• The first law of thermodynamics is simply an expression SYSTEM SYSTEM
of the conservation of energy principle, and it asserts that
energy is a thermodynamic property. SYSTEM
• The second law of thermodynamics asserts that energy A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
has quality as well as quantity, and actual processes occur SURROUNDINGS
in the direction of decreasing quality of energy.
The mass or region outside the system
3. CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS:
BOUNDARY
• A macroscopic approach to the study of thermodynamics
that does not require a knowledge of the behavior of The real or imaginary surface that
individual particles. separates the system from its
surroundings.
4. STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS: • The boundary of a system can be
• A microscopic approach, based on the average behavior fixed or movable.
of large groups of individual particles.
Systems may be considered to be
5. UNITY CONVERSION RATIOS closed or open.
All non primary units (secondary units) can be formed by
combinations of primary units. Force units, for example, can CLOSED SYSTEM (CONTROL MASS)
be expressed as A fixed amount of mass, and no
mass can cross its boundary
OPEN SYSTEM (CONTROL VOLUME)
They can also be expressed more conveniently as unity
conversion ratios as A properly selected region in space.
• It usually encloses a device that involves
mass flow such as a compressor, turbine,
or nozzle.
 Liza Mulyadiana
061001800506 Chapter 1 2
Summary Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS
7. PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM 9. STATE AND EQULIBRIUM
PROPERTY: Any characteristic of a system. • Thermal equilibrium:
If the temperature is the same throughout the entire system.
• Some familiar properties are pressure P, temperature T,
• Mechanical equilibrium:
volume V, and mass m. If there is no change in pressure at any point of the system
• Properties are considered to be either intensive or with time.
extensive. • Phase equilibrium:
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES If a system involves two phases and when the mass of each
Those that are independent of the phase reaches an equilibrium level and stays there.
mass of a system, such as • Chemical equilibrium:
temperature, pressure, and density. If the chemical composition of a system does not change
with time, that is, no chemical reactions occur.
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
Those whose values depend on the
A closed system
size—or extent—of the system.
reaching thermal
SPECIFIC PROPERTIES equilibrium
Extensive properties per unit mass.
8. DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
SPESIFIC WEIGHT
10. PROCESSES AND CYCLES
DENSITY Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process:
When a process proceeds in such a manner that the system remains
infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times.
SPESIFIC VOLUME

SPESIFIC GRAVITY
 Liza Mulyadiana
061001800506 Chapter 1 3
Summary Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS
The prefix iso-is often used to designate a process for which
a particular property remains constant.
• Isothermal process :
A process during which the temperature T remains constant.
• Isobaric process:
A process during which the pressure P remains constant.
• Isochoric (or isometric) process:
A process during which the specific volume v remains
constant.
• Cycle :
A process during which the initial and final states are
identical.
11. TEMPERATURE AND THE ZEROTH LAW
OF THERMODYNAMICS
The zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two bodies are in
thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other.

Temperature Scale
• Ice point: A mixture of ice and water that is in
equilibrium with air saturated with vapor at 1 atm
pressure (0°C or 32°F).
• Steam point: A mixture of liquid water and water vapor
(with no air) in equilibrium at 1 atm pressure (100°C or
212°F).
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Summary Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS
12. PRESSURE When the variation of density with elevation is known
• Pressure: A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit
area.

Pascal’s law: The pressure applied to a confined fluid

increases the pressure throughout by the same amount.

13. THE MANOMETER

• Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given It is commonly used to measure small and moderate
position. It is measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., pressure differences. A manometer contains one or
absolute zero pressure). more fluids such as mercury, water, alcohol, or oil.
• Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute
Measuring the pressure drop
pressure and the local atmospheric pressure. Most
across a flow section or a flow
pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read zero in
device by a differential
the atmosphere, and so they indicate gage pressure.
manometer.
• Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric
pressure
Variation of Pressure with Depth
In stacked-up fluid layers, the pressure
change across a fluid layer of density ρ
and height h is ρgh.
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Summary Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS
14. OTHER PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 15. THE BAROMETER AND ATMOSPHERIC
DEVICES PRESSURE
• Atmospheric pressure is measured by a device called a
Bourdon tube: Consists of a hollow metal tube bent like a barometer; thus, the atmospheric pressure is often
hook whose end is closed and connected to a dial indicator referred to as the barometric pressure.
needle. • A frequently used pressure unit is the standard
atmosphere, which is defined as the pressure produced by
Pressure transducers: Use various techniques to convert the a column of mercury 760 mm in height at 0°C (ρHg =
pressure effect to an electrical effect such as a change in 13,595 kg/m3) under standard gravitational acceleration
voltage, resistance, or capacitance. (g = 9.807 m/s2).
• Pressure transducers are smaller and faster, and they can be
more sensitive, reliable, and precise than their mechanical
counterparts.

Strain-gage pressure transducers: Work by having a

diaphragm deflect between two chambers open to the
pressure inputs.

Piezoelectric transducers: Also called solid state pressure

transducers, work on the principle that an electric potential is
generated in a crystalline substance when it is subjected to
mechanical pressure.