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Microproprocessors

The document provides a historical overview of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to 2002. It describes each major Intel microprocessor generation including the key specifications and improvements over previous generations. The 4004 was Intel's first commercial microprocessor. Major milestones included the 8086/8088 being Intel's first 16-bit microprocessors and the 80386 being its first 32-bit microprocessor. The Pentium series brought further performance enhancements through the 1990s and early 2000s.

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Dhealine Jusayan
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258 views

Microproprocessors

The document provides a historical overview of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to 2002. It describes each major Intel microprocessor generation including the key specifications and improvements over previous generations. The 4004 was Intel's first commercial microprocessor. Major milestones included the 8086/8088 being Intel's first 16-bit microprocessors and the 80386 being its first 32-bit microprocessor. The Pentium series brought further performance enhancements through the 1990s and early 2000s.

Uploaded by

Dhealine Jusayan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Historical Background of Intel

Microprocessors
 Intel 4004

Year of introduction 1971


 4-bit microprocessor
 4 KB main memory
 45 instructions
 PMOS technology
was first programmable device which was used in
calculators
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
 Intel 8008

Year of introduction 1972


 8-bit version of 4004
 16 KB main memory
 48 instructions
 PMOS technology
 Slow
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
 Intel 8080

Year of introduction 1973


 8-bit microprocessor
 64 KB main memory
 2 microseconds clock cycletime
 500,000 instructions/sec
 10X faster than 8008
 NMOS technology
 Drawback was that it needed three power supplies.
 Small computers (Microcomputers) were designed in mid1970’s
using 8080 as CPU.
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
 Intel 8085
 Year of introduction 1975
 8-bit microprocessor-upgraded version of 8080
 64 KB main memory
 1.3 microseconds clock cycle time
 246 instructions
 Intel sold 100 million copies of this8-bit
microprocessor
 uses only one +5vpower supply.
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
 Intel 8086/8088

Year of introduction 1978 for 8086 and 1979 for8088


 16-bit microprocessors
 Data bus width of 8086 is 16 bit and 8 bit for 8088
 1 MB main memory
 400 nanoseconds clock cycletime
 6 byte instruction cache for 8086 and 4 byte for 8088
 Other improvements included more registers and additional
instructions
 In 1981 IBM decided to use 8088 in its personal computer
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
 Intel 80186

Year of introduction 1982


 16-bit microprocessor-upgraded version of 8086
 1 MB main memory
 Contained special hardware like programmable
counters, interrupt controlleretc.
 Never used in the PC
 But was ideal for systems that required a minimum of
hardware
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
 Intel 80286

Year of introduction 1983


 16-bit high performance microprocessor withmemory
management & protection
 16 MB main memory
 Few additional instructions to handle extra 15MB
 Instruction execution time is as little as 250 ns
 Concentrates on the features needed toimplement
MULTITASKING
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
 Intel 80386

Year of introduction 1986


 Intel’s first practical 32-bit microprocessor
 4 GB main memory
 Improvements include page handling in virtual
environment
 Includes hardware circuitry for memorymanagement
and memory assignment
 Memory paging and enhanced I/O permissions
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
 Intel 80486

Year of introduction 1989


 32-bit high performance microprocessor
 4 GB main memory
 Incorporates 80387-like floating point coprocessorand
 8 K byte cache on onepackage
 About half of the instructions executed in 1clock
instead of 2 on the 80386
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
 Pentium

Year of introduction 1993


 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 32-bit
address bus
 4 GB main memory
 Double clocked 120 and 133MHzversions
 Fastest version is the 233MHz, Dual integerprocessor
 16 KB L1 cache (split instruction and data: 8 KB each)
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
 Pentium Pro

Year of introduction 1995


 32-bit microprocessor, formerly code-named P6
 64 GB main memory, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit
address bus
 16 KB L1 cache (split instruction/data: 8 KB each), 256
KB L2 cache
 Uses three executionengines
 Intel launched this processor for the server market
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
 Pentium II

Year of introduction 1997


 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit
address bus, MMX
 64 GB main memory
 32 KB split instruction/data L1 caches (16 KBeach)
 Module integrated 512KB L2 cache (133MHz)
 A version of P2 called Xeon; specifically designed for
high-end applications
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
 Pentium III

Year of introduction 1999


 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit
address bus
 64 GB main memory
 Dual Independent Bus (simultaneous L2 and system
memory access)
 On-chip 256 KB L2 cache
 P3 was available in clock frequencies of up to 1 GHz
Historical Background of Intel
Microprocessors
 Pentium IV

Year of introduction 2002


 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit
address bus
 64 GB main memory
 1.4 to 1.9 GHz and the latest at 3.20 GHz and 3.46GHz
(Hyper-Threading)
 1MB/512KB/256KB L2 cache
 Specialized for streaming video, gameand DVD
applications
Microprocessor
 is a semiconductor device consisting of
electronic logic circuits
 manufactured by using various fabrication
schemes
 capable of performing computing functions
 capable of transporting data/information
 can be divided into 3 segments:
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit
 Register Unit
 Control Unit
Von Neumann Machine
 Three keyconcepts:

 Data and instructions are stored in a single set of


read-write memory

 Contents of memory are addressable by memory


address, without regard to the type of data contained

 Execution occurs in a sequential fashion,unless


explicitly altered, from one instruction to the other
Computer System Components
 Memory

Stores instructions and data

 Input/Output
 Called peripherals
 Used to input and output instructions and data

 Arithmetic and Logic Unit


 – Performs arithmetic operations (addition,subtraction)
 – Performs logical operations (AND, OR, XOR,
SHIFT, ROTATE)
Computer System Components
 Control Unit
 – Coordinates the operation of thecomputer

System Interconnection and Interaction
 Bus—A group of lines used to transfer bits between the
microprocessor and other components of the computer
system. Bus is used to communicate between parts of the
computer. There is only one transmitter at a time and only
the addressed device can respond.

 Types
 » Address
 » Data
 » Control signals
CPU Components
Registers
 Hold data, instructions, or otheritems
 Various sizes
 Program counter and memory addressregisters
must be of same size/width as address bus
 Registers which hold data must be ofsame
size/width as memory words
CPU Components
Control Unit
 Generates control signals which arenecessary
for execution of an instruction.
 Connect registers to the bus.
 Controls the data flow between CPUand
peripherals (including memory).
 Provides status, control & timing signals
required for the operation of memory and I/O
devices to the system.
 Acts as a brain of computer system
All actions of the control unit are associated
with the decoding and executions of
instructions (fetch and executecycles).
CPU Components
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
 Executes arithmetic and logical operations.
 Accumulator is a special 8-bitregister
associated with ALU.Register ‘A’ in 8085 is an
accumulator.
 Source of one of the operands of an arithmetic or
logical operation.
 serves as one inputto ALU.
 Final result of an arithmetic or logical operation
is placed in accumulator.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
ALU performs the following arithmetic & logicaloperations:
 Addition
 Subtraction
 Logical AND
 Logical OR
 Logical EXCLUSIVE OR
 Complement(logical NOT)
 Increment (add 1)
 Decrement (subtract 1)
 Left shift, Rotate Left, Rotateright
 Clear etc.
Status Flags
 Intel 8085 microprocessor contains five
flip-flops to serve as status flags. The
flip-flops are set or reset according to
the conditions which arise due to an
arithmetic & logical operation
ALU
PIN DIAGRAM 0F 8085

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