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Name - Syed Shahrukh Syed Habeeb Guided by - Prof. Rohit Kshirsagar Department of Mechanical Engineering Manav School of Engineering, Akola

Syed Shahrukh Syed Habeeb's document discusses catalytic converters. It explains that catalytic converters convert harmful exhaust emissions like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides into less harmful substances. The document outlines the need for catalytic converters, their construction including substrates, washcoats, and precious metal catalysts, different types like two-way and three-way converters, and applications in motor vehicles and engines. It also notes some negative aspects and the environmental impacts of catalytic converters.

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Syed Shahrukh
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54 views

Name - Syed Shahrukh Syed Habeeb Guided by - Prof. Rohit Kshirsagar Department of Mechanical Engineering Manav School of Engineering, Akola

Syed Shahrukh Syed Habeeb's document discusses catalytic converters. It explains that catalytic converters convert harmful exhaust emissions like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides into less harmful substances. The document outlines the need for catalytic converters, their construction including substrates, washcoats, and precious metal catalysts, different types like two-way and three-way converters, and applications in motor vehicles and engines. It also notes some negative aspects and the environmental impacts of catalytic converters.

Uploaded by

Syed Shahrukh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name – Syed Shahrukh Syed Habeeb

Guided by -- Prof. Rohit Kshirsagar


Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Manav School of Engineering, Akola
Catalytic Converter
Need of catalytic converter
The purpose of the catalytic converter is to convert
harmful components of the automobile exhaust into
harmless compounds.

It speeds up the chemical reaction without being


itself changed i.e. without reacting with the
pollutants.
Location
The harmful
compounds
Hydrocarbons in the form of unburnt gasoline.

Carbon monoxide formed by combustion of gasoline.

Nitrogen oxide created when the heat in the engine


forces nitrogen in the air to combine with the
oxygen.
Emission Norms in India
Bharat stage Emission Standards
(BSES) are emission standards instituted by
the Government of India to regulate the
output of air pollutants from internal
combustion engines and Spark-ignition
engines equipment, including motor vehicles.

The standards and the timeline for


implementation are set by the 
Central Pollution Control Board under the 
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change
.
Indian standard emissions for four wheelers
Standard Reference Year Region
India 2000 Euro 1 2000 Nationwide
Bharat Stage II Euro 2 2001 NCR, Mumbai,
kolkata, Chennai
April 2003 NCR, 13 cities
April 2005 Nationwide
Bharat Stage III Euro 3 April 2005 NCR, 13 cities
April 2010 Nationwide
Bharat Stag IV Euro 4 April 2010 NCR, 13 cities
April 2017 Nationwide
Bharat Stage V Euro 5 ….to be skipped
Bharat Stage VI Euro 6 April 2018 Delhi
April 2019 NCR
Till April 2020 Nationwide
1. Indian standard emission for two wheelers

Standard Reference Date


Bharat stage II Euro 2 1 April 2000

Bharat stage III Euro 3 1 April 2010


Bharat stage IV Euro 4 1 April 2017
Bharat stage VI Euro 6 Mandatory till April
2020
Brief History of the
Catalytic Converter.
The catalytic converter was first invented by
Eugene Houdry in the 1950’s.

Tetra-ethyl lead present in gasoline "poisoned" the


converter by forming a coating on the catalyst's
surface, effectively disabling it.

The catalytic converter was further developed by


John J. Mooney and Carl D. Keith at the Engelhard
Corporation, creating the first production catalytic
converter in 1973.
Construction of a
Catalytic Converter
1- The catalyst support or substrate:

The catalytic converter housing consists of a


honeycomb core from inside. It is coated with
precious metals such as platinum and rhodium.

Along with these precious metals, the core is


also supported by a ceramic monolith that has
a honeycomb structure.

The substrate is structured to produce a large 


surface area.
Construction of Catalytic
Converter
2- The washcoat:

A washcoat is a carrier for the catalytic


materials and is used to disperse the
materials over a large surface area.

The catalytic materials are suspended in the


washcoat prior to apply to the core.

Washcoat materials are selected to form a 


rough, irregular surface, which greatly
increases the surface area which maximizes
the catalytically active surface available to
react with the engine exhaust.
Construction of the
Catalytic Converter
3- The catalyst:

The catalyst itself is most often a mix of 


precious metal.

The catalyst is added to the washcoat (in suspension)


before being applied to the core.

Platinum is the most active catalyst and is


widely used.

 Palladium and rhodium are two other precious


metals used.
Precious metals
The washcoat

The substrate
Types of Catalytic
Converters.
Two Way Catalytic
Converter
A two-way catalytic converter has two simultaneous tasks.
Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide: 2CO + O2
→ 2CO2

Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (unburnt and partially-


burnt fuel) to carbon dioxide and water: CxH(2x+2) +
[(3x+1)/2] O2 → xCO2 + (x+1) H2O (a combustion reaction)

Unable to control NOx gases.


Two way catalytic
converter
Three Way Catalytic
Converter
Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen
: 2NOx → xO2 + N2

Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide:


2CO + O2 → 2CO2

Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) to carbon


dioxide and water:
CxH(2x+2) + [(3x+1)/2]O2 → xCO2 + (x+1)H2O
Three way catalytic
converter
Catalyst used in
catalytic converter
Oxydization catalyst.

Platinum and Palladium.

Reduction catalyst.

Rhodium.
Why only precious
metals as catalyst
A catalyst is a chemical substance that, when
added to a chemical reaction, does not affect the
thermodynamics of a reaction but increases the
rate of reaction.

Precious metals have high thermal stability.

Melting point of precious metals is higher than


base metals.
Negative Aspects of
Catalytic Converters.
Some early converter designs created a great deal of
restriction to the flow of exhaust, which negatively affected
vehicle performance, drivability, and fuel economy .

It had been stated that catalytic converters are known in a


lot of cases to have an excessively long warm-up time
period, in a great deal of cases ranging up to thirty-minutes.

Catalytic converter production requires palladium, rhodium


and/or platinum; these precious metals are very expensive
and found mostly in Russia.
The Environmental
Impact of Catalytic
Converters
Reduces fuel economy of cars resulting in a greater use of
fossil fuels.
Although catalytic converters are effective at removing
hydrocarbons and other harmful emissions, most of
exhaust gas leaving the engine through a catalytic
converter is carbon dioxide (CO2), which is responsible for
the green house effect.
Applications of catalytic converter

A catalytic converter is a device used to reduce the


toxicity of emissions from an
internal combustion engine.
Catalytic converters are most commonly used in
motor vehicle exhaust systems.
Catalytic converters are also used on generator sets,
forklifts, mining equipment, trucks, buses, trains, and
other engine-equipped machines.
A catalytic converter provides an environment for a
chemical reaction wherein toxic combustion by-
products are converted to less-toxic substances.
Conclusion
Environmental ecological and health concern result in
increasing stringent emissions regulations of pollutant
emissions from vehicle engine.

Among all the type of technologyies developed sofa use of


catalytic converter is the best way to control auto exhaust
emission.

The economical and reasons limited resources of platinum


group (Noble) metal and some operating limitations of
platinum group metal based catalytic converter have
motivated the investigation of alternative catalyst materials.
References
https://www.catalyticconverters.com

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

https://images.google.com/

A text book on Internal Combustion Engine by R.K.Rajput.

Automotive Engineering Fundamentals by Richard Stone.

A textbook on Automobile Engineering by R.K.Rajput.


Thank you

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