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Electronic Structure of The Atom

The electron configuration for lithium is 1s2 2s1.

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Alekhoy Pakz
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269 views

Electronic Structure of The Atom

The electron configuration for lithium is 1s2 2s1.

Uploaded by

Alekhoy Pakz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ALEXIS C.

MILLANAR, RN, LPT


TEACHER – GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
 Describe the quantum mechanical model of the atom

 Describe the electronic structure of the atom in terms of


main energy levels, sublevels and relate this to energy

 Use the quantum numbers to describe an electron in an


atom

 Perform exercises on quantum numbers


 Write the electronic configuration of atoms

 Determine the magnetic property of an atom based on its


electronic configuration

 Draw an orbital diagram to represent the electronic


configuration of atoms

 Perform exercises on writing electronic configuration


• Light • Electron configuration
• Quantum theory • Orbital diagram
• Quantum mechanical model • Valence Electron
• Orbitals • Paramagnetism
• Principal quantum number • diamagnetism
• Angular momentum quantum
number
• Magnetic quantum number
• Spin quantum number
Propagates through space in the form of ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
Amplitude – the distance from the
equilibrium point (x-axis) of a
propagating wave to its crest or
trough

Wavelength (λ) – is the distance


between identical points in
successive cycles in a propagating
wave and usually measured in
nanometers (nm)

Frequency (ƒ) – is the number of


cycles that a wave maker per unit of
time usually expressed in units of
Hertz (Hz) or 1/s (per second)
v=ƒλ
Where:

V= velocity/speed
ƒ = frequency (Hz or per second)
λ = wavelength (nm)
Proposed the QUANTUM
THEORY

Light energy is “quantized” in


multiples of hf

Each quantized energy is


called a QUANTUM.
E=hf
Where h is Planck’s constant (6.626x10-34 J.s)
f=frequency in Hz
in relation to basic wave formula thus the equation:

E=hc
λ
c = speed of light (3.00x108 m/s)
λ is expressed in meters.
PHOTONS

EM WAVES
When an atom absorbs energy, it’s
electron jump from one orbit to
another with higher energy called
“excited state”. When the electron
falls back to its original orbit with
lower energy it is in its “ground state”.

As it does, the energy released in the


form of light - photons

These electron excitation and


relaxation processes result in the
atomic line spectrum
When an atom is heated and vaporized,
it will emit light of a certain color.
Used the dual nature of light and proposed that
particles like an electron, moving at about the
speed of light must have aa wavelike property

Suggested that the electron could move around


the nucleus like a wave. The electron’s wavelength
can be calculated using its mass and velocity and
the Planck’s Constant

λ= h
mv
h = Planck’s constant
m = mass of the electron
v = velocity
Proposed that since the electron is
considered to be travelling at quantum
speeds like a wave, then it is impossible
to simultaneously determine its exact
location and momentum at a particular
time.
This is known as the UNCERTAINTY
PRINCIPLE.
Came up with the equation for
an electron moving like a
wave in 3-dimensional space
around the nucleus. Its
solution results in a WAVE
FUNCTION, which describes
the shape of the wave.
Spherical in shape
Wave function suggests, there is 90% probability of finding an electron within the
sphere except at the center where the nucleus is
Dumbell-shaped, consists of 2 lobes
There are 3 kinds or p orbitals.
Consists of four lobes
There are 5 kinds of d orbitals
Have the most diffused
shape compared to
other orbitals

There are 7 kinds of


f orbitals
PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER

ANGULAR MOMENTUM QUANTUM NUMBER

MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER

SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER


Indicates the energy level or SHELL where an atomic orbital
can be found

Have integral values (n= 1, 2, 3, …), which corresponds to


the orbits in the Bohr’s model.
PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER
n =3
n=2

n=1
Specifies the sublevel or SUBSHELL within a particular
energy level. It can have values of 0 – n-1.

Represents the kind and shape of the orbital (s, p, d, f) that is


being occupied by an electron.
Angular momentum quantum number

l Orbital

0 s

1 p

2 d

3 f
Indicates the specific orbital within the sublevel where the
electron is found.

It can have values –l to +l


Quantum numbers for each orbital in the lower energy levels
n l ml
1 0(1s) 0
2 0(2s) 0
1(2p) -1, 0, +1
3 0(3s) 0
1(3p) -1, 0, -1
2(3d) -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
4 0(4s) 0
1(4p) -1, 0, -1
2(4d) -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
3(4f) -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3
Describes the intrinsic spin of the electron in the orbital

Can only have values of +1/2 or -1/2 for each electron.

According to PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE, only a


maximum of TWO electrons can occupy an orbital, and they
must have an opposite spin.
n=1 n=1
l=0 l=0
ml = 0 1s2
ml = 0
ms = +1/2 ms = -1/2
1. Give the set of quantum numbers for each of the six
electrons that occupy the 4p orbitals. Illustrate these
electrons in boxes similar to the previous example.

2. Give the set of quantum numbers for each of the 10


electrons that occupy the 3d orbitals.
Each electron in an atom has a unique set of quantum numbers. How these electrons
are distributed among the orbitals in an atom is given by the electron configuration.

1s2
Number of electrons
Energy level

orbital
States that electrons must first occupy the orbitals with lower
energies than those with higher energies.

It is shown in the orbital diagram (another representation of


how electrons (arrows) occupy the orbitals (boxes)
1s 2s 2p Electron
configuratio
n
Hydrogen (A=1) 1s1

Helium (A=2) 1s2


Lithium (A=3) 1s22s1
Beryllium (A=4) 1s22s2
Boron (A=5) 1s22s2p1
States that for DEGENERATE ORBITALS (orbitals with same
energies such as the three p orbitals), the electrons will
singly occupy each orbital and with parallel spins before
they pair up. This also apply to d and f orbitals.
1s 2s 2p Electron
configuration

Carbon (A=6) 1s22s2p2

Nitrogen (A=7) 1s22s2p3

Oxygen (A=8) 1s22s2p4

Fluorine (A=9) 1s22s2p5

Neon (A=10) 1s22s2p6


Are electrons occupying the outermost shell (valence shell)
The inner shells that are completely filled up are called closed shells.

Lithium
1s22s1
A=3
e=3
Valence electron = 1
Notice that the valence shell of the noble gas neon is completely filled,
and thus very stable as the shell of the other noble gases.
1. Write the electron configuration for aluminum (A=13).
Draw its orbital diagram

2. Write the electron configuration for magnesium (A=12)


and potassium (A=19). Draw their orbital diagrams.
Used as shortcuts for very long electron configuration

A noble gas with a similar closed-shell configuration to the atom of


interest is used as a shortcut and is referred to as core symbol written
inside a bracket.

Pb (A=32) 1s22s23s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p2
Electron configuration of Xe

[Xe] 6s24f145d106p2
Transition metals with d4 and d9 configurations tend to adopt a more
stabilized half-filled or fully-filled configuration by using one electron
from the nearby s orbital.

For example, the electron configuration for


chromium is
[Ar]4s13d5 instead of
[Ar]4s23d4

copper is [Ar]4s13d10
instead of [Ar]4s23d9
1. Write the electron configuration for nickel

2. Use the core symbol to write the electron configuration


for the following elements: bromine, niobium, and
barium.
PARAMAGNETISM AND DIAMAGNETISM are properties of
elements explained by electron distribution
Results from the presence of unpaired electron in some of
the atomic orbitals

PARAMAGNETISM – refers to the characteristic of an


element to be slightly attracted to a magnet
Example:
Arsenic (A=33), which has three unpaired electron in its 4p
orbital.
DIAMAGNETISM – characterized by non-attraction or even a
slight repulsion, of an element to a magnet
Example:
Krypton (A=36), which has fully filled 4p orbitals

FERROMAGNETISM – a phenomenon that greatly enhances


the paramagnetism of a material
Examples are iron, cobalt, and nickel
1. Write the electron configuration for lithium. What type of
magnetic property will it exhibit?

2. Write the electron configuration for zinc. What type of


magnetic property will it exhibit? Why?

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