Input and Output

Devices
 Input
Devices
These are hardware devices that
allow data to be input into a
computer.

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Keyboard
These devices are used to input text, numbers and instruction into
the computer.

Advantages: Disadvantages:
×Fast entry of new text into ×Can be difficultto use if
a document the user has limited arm/
×Easy to us for most people wrist use
×Slow method when
×Easier to do verification
checks as the data is compared to direct data
entered(can immediately entry
compare the source ×Fairlylarge device that
document with typed data uses up valuable desk space
on the screen
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Concept Keyboard
A concept keyboard uses icon or phrases instead of standard
letters.these are often used in restaurant where one key could
represent one item for eg ; an ice cream.
 This allows fast entry of data
 The keyboards are also water resistant
 They are also tamper resistant

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Numeric keyboards
× A numeric keyboard is only used for typing numbers.
× It is used in
× ATMs
× Point of sale terminals
× Chip and pin devices

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POINTING
DEVICES
The user the position of the pointer on the screen
by the help of this device
Examples: Mouse, TouchPads, Trackerball

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Mouse
Uses Advantages
× Opening, closing and × Faster than keyboard
minimising software for choosing options
× Grouping ,moving and × Very quick to move
deleting softwares
through applications
× Image editing and
controlling the position of a × Doesn’t take up much
pointer space
× The disadvantages are
that it is easy to damage
and it is difficult to use
without a surface

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Touch Pads
× Atouchpad is an input device on laptops and
some keyboards. It allows the user to move a
cursor with their finger. It can be used in place of
an external mouse.
× A touchpad is operated by using your finger and
dragging it across the flat surface of the touchpad.
As you move your finger on the surface, the mouse
cursor moves in that same direction. Like most
computer mice, the touchpad also has two
buttons below the touch surface that allows you to
left-click or right-click.
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Tracker Ball
× An input device that looks like an upside down
mouse. The onscreen pointer is moved by the
trackball with a thumb or finger.
× A trackball requires less arm and wrist motion
that a regular mouse takes and therefore is often
less stressful for the user to use, helping to
prevent RSI. The picture of the Logitech cordless
trackball mouse is an example of a trackball
mouse that uses the thumb for movement.
Remote Control
× A remote control (RC) is a small, usually hand-
held, electronic device for controlling another
device, such as a television, radio or audio/video
recording device. Remote controls commonly
operates via infrared signals but sometimes by
radio frequency signals. The remote control may
control a variety of functions such as volume,
channel, track number and other functions.
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Joysticks
× A joystick is an input device that allows the user
to control a character or machine in a computer
program, such as a plane in a flight simulator.
They look similar to the control device you would
find on an arcade game, but nearly always
include extra buttons for additional
functionality.

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Driving wheel
A driving wheel is an example of an
input device that is similar to a joystick
In many ways. It connect to a
computer{or games machine}, usually
through a USB port. The wheel allows
you to simulate the turning of a steering
wheel, there are associated devices
( such as buttons or pedals) which
allows you to accelerate or brake.
Sensors are used to pick up left/right
movement so that the user gets the
sensation of steering a car around a
circuit or on the road.
Touch Screens
× A touch screen is a computer display screen that serves
as an input device. When a touch screen is touched by a
finger or stylus, it registers the event and sends it to a
controller for processing.
× A touch screen may contain pictures or words that the
user can touch to interact with the device.

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Scanners
• Scanners are used to enter information from hard copy[for ex,
text, documents, photograph,] into a computer.
• The most common type is the flatbed scanner, which is made
up of a glass panel and lid. The hard copy document or photo is
sanned by a light source and produces a computer-readable
image.
• The subsequent image can then be manipulated using a
drawing package. Images can also be used with optical
character recognition [OCR] software to allow information to
be ude in a word processor,desktop publishing , presentation
software, etc. specialist scanners exits that are designed to
carry out a specific task, for ex barcode scanners.

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Digital Cameras
× Digital cameras have largely replaced traditional film- based
cameras. The images are stored on a memory card ( SSD ) and
can be transferred to a computer by :
 by inserting the memory card into the computer
 Connecting the camera to the computer via USB port.
 Using wireless data transfer ( Wi-Fi or Bluetooth )
The images are uploaded from the camera are stored in a fie on the
computer ; the user can select which photos to upload and which to
ignore. The images are then available for printing out as photos, to
be used in a slideshow, imported into software such as a word
processor or for uploading onto the internet.
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Video Cameras
Although specialist video cameras exist, many digital
camera are capable of taking moving images. Since the
video
Footage is simply a number o still photos stitched together,
this allows a digital camera to take reasonable video
These cameras are often referred to as DV (digital video)
Cameras; they store compressed photo frames at a speed
of 25 mb per second – this known as motion jpeg.
In both digital and video version, the camera picks up the
light from the image and tis is turned into an electronic
signal using light-sensitive sensors. In this case of the dv
cameras, these signals are automatically converted into a
compressed digital file format.
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Microphones
× Microphones can directly be connected to
computer .
× Sounds an be inputted and them manipulated.
× The input sound is converted to an analogue
signal and then converted into a digital signal.
× The computer’s sound card usually doe this
automatically, that is, it acts as an analogue to
digital converter (ADC).

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Sensors
× A sensor is a device that detects and responds to
some type of input from the physical
environment. The specific input could be light,
heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a
great number of other environmental
phenomena. The output is generally a signal that
is converted to human-readable display at the
sensor location or transmitted electronically
over a network for reading or further
processing.

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Webcams
× A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some
type of input from the physical environment. The
specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture,
pressure, or any one of a great number of other
environmental phenomena. The output is generally a
signal that is converted to human-readable display at
the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a
network for reading or further processing.

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Light Pens
× A light pen is a light-sensitive pointing input
device commonly used to select or otherwise
modify text or data on a screen. Used with a
CRT monitor, these devices were an early form
of manipulating and highlighting data on the
screen. In the picture is an example of a woman
using a light pen to highlight text on the screen.

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DDE-Direct Data Entry
Magnetic
stripe
readers
These are used to read information
on the magnetic stripe found on
for example, on the back of a
debit or credit card
The stripe contains useful
information, for example :
account number, sort code,
expiry date and start date.
 Magnetic ink character
recognition reader

It is a system that can read characters printed in a

special ink. Only certain characters written in a
standard font can be read.
The system is now primarily for reading the characters
at the bottom of a bank cheque. These characters
are converted into a form that the computer can
understand and then stored in a computer file.
Optical mark
recognition
It is a device that can read marks written pen
or pencil. The places where the pen or
pencil marks can be made clearly shown in
the image on the right. The position of the
mark is stored in the computer’s memory
after being read by the OMR device.
Optical character
recognition /reader
It is the name given to software that takes
scanned text and converts it into a
computer-readable form. The text can
then be used in various applications
packages such as word processors,
desktop publishing and presentation
software.
Barcode Readers
× Barcode readers are used to read information in
the form of a barcode.
× The readers are usually in the form of a barcode
scanner and are often built into POS terminals in
supermarkets.
× Hand- held scanners or wands are also very
common for reading barcodes if portability is
required.

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Quick response
(QR) codes
× Another type of barcode is the QR code.
× This is made up of a matrix of filled in dark
squares on a light background.
× To make a comparison normal barcodes can hold
up to 30 digits whereas QR codes can hold over
7000 digits. This obviously gives greater scope
for the storage of information.

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More about QR
codes
× As modern smart phones allow internet access
on the move, QR codes can be scanned
anywhere.
× This allows advertising of product on vehicles
and many other places.
× Using the built in camera facility on modern
phones, and by downloading the appropriate
application it is possible to read the QR code.

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 Output
Devices
These are hardware devices that
allow data to be output from a
computer.

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Cathode Ray Tube
Monitors
× Cathode ray tube monitors are the least expensive
type of monitor although they are becoming
increasingly rare as TFT monitors are now taking
over.
× They come in various sizes and make use of an
electron gun firing against a phosphor screen. The
picture is made up of tiny dots that are coloured
red, green or blue – the intensity of each coloured
dot makes up the vast range of colours interpreted
by the eye

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Thin film transistor
monitors
× TFT monitors are taking over CRT monitors as the main
output.
× The rapid development of computer technology is due
to the major advancements made in TFT technology.
× The screen is made of tiny pixels, which are made up of
transistors controlled by a microprocessor. Each pixel
has three transistors that are coloured red, green or
blue – the intensity of each governs the effective colour
of the pixel seen by the eye.
× They are one of the integral parts of the computer and
are used as primary output devices so the user can see
immediatelywhat they are typing in.
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Liquid Crystal
Display Monitors
× These days, most monitors are made using LCD
technology.
× These are simply a development of the TFT
monitors.
× The front layer of the monitor is made up of liquid
crystal diodes; these tiny diodes are grouped
together in threes or fours, which are known as
pixels(picture elements).
× The three colours that are grouped together use
red, green, and blue diodes. Those systems that use
groups of four include a yellow diode – this is said
to make the colours more vivid. 32
Light emitting diode
monitors
× Because LCD monitors doesn’t emit any light, some
from of backlit technology needs to be used. Modern
LCD monitors are backlit using LED technology.
× This gives the image better contrast and brightness,
× Before the use of LEDs, LCD monitors used cold
cathode fluorescent lamp(CCFL) as the backlighting
method.
× CCFL uses two fluorescent tubes behind the LCD
screen which supplies the light source. When LEDs
are used, a matrix of tiny LEDs is used behind the LCD
screen.
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Organic light
emitting diodes
× Future technology will make use of OLEDs.
× These make use of organic materials(made up of carbon
compounds) to make very flexible semi-conductors.
× Organic films are mixed between two charged
electrodes(one is a cathode and another is a glass anode).
When an electric field is applied to the electrodes, they
give off a light. This means that no form of backlighting is
required, which allows for very thin screens.
× It also means that there is no longer a need to use LCD
technology, since OLED is a self-contained system.
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More about OLEDs
× The important aspect of the technology is how
thin this makes the screen. It will be possible,
using OLED technology, to bend screens to any
shape.
× Imagine screens so thin that they can be folded
up and placed in your pocket until they are
needed.
× Or how about using folding OLED displays
attached to fabric creating ‘smart’ clothing?
× Science fiction becomes science fact!

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Multimedia
projectors
× Multimedia projectors receive signals that can be either
analogue or digital(although most modern projectors only
work with digital inputs). The signal source is usually from a
computer television, or a DVD player.
× The image from the source is magnified and projected on a
large screen.
× The devices usually work with a remote control but also use
virtual mouse technology, which actually becomes a
cordless PC mouse with the same features as a mouse. It is
then possible to direct the computer presentation without
being tied to the computer.
× Most multimedia projectors take inputs from various typed
of video format. 36
 Printers
A printer is a peripheral device which makes a
persistent representation of graphics or text
on paper.
Laser Printer
× Laser printers produce very high quality hard-
copy output.

× The print rate per page is very quick of a large

number of pages are to be printed.

× They rely on large buffer memories where the

data for the whole document is stored before
the pages can be printed out.
Inkjet printers
× Inkjet printers are used to produce good quality hard
copies
× It is a computer peripheral that produces hard copy by
spraying ink onto paper.
× A typical inkjet printer can produce copy with a
resolution of at least 300 dpi(dots per inch).
× The principal advantage of inkjet is the fact that most
of them are inexpensive but most inkjet printers are
slow and they are not designed for high volume print
jobs.

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Dot Matrix Printers
× A dot matrix printer is a type of printer which
uses pins impacting an ink ribbon to print.
× These printers are generally considered
outdated s they cannot create high- quality
prints and are costly as well. However, they have
a certain specialty that other printers do not
have : as they use impact for printing they can be
used to print multiple copies of text at the same
time with the help of a carbon copy.
× Hence, they are mostly used in places where
multipart form are required.

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3-dimensional In Subtractive manufacturing,
a machine reshapes or

printers
removes material from an
existing mould.

× A 3-D printer is a computer-aided manufacturing device that

creates 3-dimensional object.
× Like a traditional printer, a 3-D printer receives digital data from
a computer as input however, instead of printing the output on
paper, a 3-D printer builds a 3-D model out of a custom material.
× 3-D printer use a process called additive manufacturing to form
physical objects layer by layer until the model is complete.
× Since 3-D printers create models from scratch they are more
efficient and produce less waste than subtractive manufacturing
devices.
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Speakers
× The purpose of a speaker is to produce audio output that
can be heard by the listener.
× Speakers are transducers that convert electromagnetic
waves into sound waves.
× The speakers receive audio input from a device such as a
computer or an audio receiver.
× This input may be either in analogue or digital form.
× Speakers typically come in pairs which allow them to
produce stereo sound.
× This means the left and right speakers transmit audio on
2 completely separate channels.
× Surround systems may include more speakers. 42
Control APPs
Actuators
× Actuators are transducers* and are used to take signals
from a computer and convert them into some form of
motion.
× For example: Operating motors, pumps, switches and
valves.
× As part of the control process, digital signals are sent from
the computer to an actuator to operate a device-usually
conversion of the digital signal to analogue is required
first(using a DAC).
Transducers are devices that change
variations in a physical quantity(such as
pressure or rotation) into an electrical
signal or vice versa.
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