ALTERNATIVE AND

AUTHENTIC ASSESSMENT
TECHNIQUES

EARL SANDERSON G. TIBAYAN

 Psychological tests are considered useful devices
for providing objective psychological
information about the individual’s
characteristics’ such as Intelligence, aptitude,
interest and personality test and others.
 Therefore psychological test is essentially an
objective and standardized measure of a sample
behavior.
 Psychological tests we observe more than they
are not infallible
 To supplement other information that is
available concerning to individual that is when
we used the alternative assessment and the non
testing techniques
 Hence to understand an individual’s behavior it is
important to understand the difference between
TESTING and NON-TESTING TECHNIQUES
 Alternative assessment is any type of assessment
in which students create a response to a question
or task. (In traditional assessments, students
choose a response from a given list, such as
multiple-choice, true/false, or matching.)
 Alternative assessments can
include short-answer questions,
essays, performance assessment,
oral presentations,
demonstrations, and portfolios.
Difference between Testing and Non-Testing
Techniques

TESTING NON-TESTING

*impartial and objective *subjective

*through testing techniques

*information derived through non
information are gathered in a form
testing techniques may not convey
that can be used by expert to
the same meaning to the expert
derive on same meaning
*information can be gathered in
*gathering information takes time
short period of time
While it is not directly ascertained
*facts bout personality or behavior
because it provides detailed
can be directly ascertained
information
 Informal information can also help the counselor
to know more about the individual.
 To get information , contacts should be established
with teachers, classmates, playmates, per group
and especially the “significant others”
 In order to provide guidance , one should employ
the knowledge of non-standardized techniques
apart from the standardizes test techniques
 Anecdotal Records
 This method is frequently used in schools. In
this method, student’s work or an important
vent of his life is mentioned.
 Whenever they finds an event or behavior of a
student to be a special significant , he must
note it down in the anecdotal record.
 According to Jones, anecdotal records may be
defined as “on the spot description of some
incident, episode or occurrence that is
observed and recorded as being as possible
significance.

 According Strang, “Anecdotal record is a

specialized form in incidental observation, it
may be the description of the child’s conduct
and personality in terms of frequent, brief,
concrete observation of the pupil made and
recorded by teacher.
 Types of Anecdotal Records

Contains only the objective account of a student’s

Type A behavior. In this type of record, there are no
comments

Brief comments along with the subject’s behavior account

Type B
are noted down

Type C Problems related to his/ her behavior are noted down

Behavior along with his good and bad qualities and

Type D
suggestions for improvement are mentioned
 Steps in Anecdotal Record
 Getting cooperation- cooperation is sought as the
first step.

 Length of Detail- Care is taken to see that the

teacher records only the relevant information, which
the teachers would concentrate only on the limited
points hence the account would be clear and useful.

 Preparing the Circular-preparation of the form

wherein the teachers to enter details of the record.
There are four columns, the date, place, event and in
the last the comment.
 Procuring the Main narrative: quite a few
things happen in the course of the study in the
classroom which form the material suitable for
writing anecdote.
 Main File: it is essential to file each student’s
anecdotal narratives so that whenever
required they can be easily retrieved and
referred to. These narratives should be kept
in the counselor’s office.
 Advantages of good anecdotal records

 Generate a teacher’s interest in the student,

leading a healthy rapport between the teacher
and the student
 On the basis of record, teacher can form an
accurate opinion about student’s personality and
find out how the student is forming up.
 New teachers can get full knowledge about
each student going through these records
 These narratives are helpful in problem
solving
 Limitation of Anecdotal Records

 Subjectivity- it is dependent on the

teachers version, the writing of the
record. The event must be watched very
carefully so that description is vivid,
objective, impartial and brief.
 Writing of these records are difficult
because of the spiraling number of
students in school. Even if narratives are
prepares for all the students, then
preserving them becomes a difficult task.
 Autobiography
 An autobiography means somebody’s account
of life written by himself
 It is a subjective method, an individual writes
his experiences of the different moments and
events in life, starting from his past,
childhood to present.
 With this, an individual mentions his
interests, objectives, achievements, wishes,
event, reactions
 Types of autobiography

He has given an outline or questionnaire,

and he writes his autobiography
Directed autobiography according to: Family, Places where you
have lived earlier, school experiences,
personal views

An individual can write freely anything on a way

to his own wishes; not organized as no
Non-directed autobiography
directions are given to the individual on what to
write

It is both the directed and the non-directed

autobiographies. Directions are given to obtain
Mixed autobiography
specific information. Beyond the individual is
free to write his experiences the way he likes.
 Observation

 Is basically a subjective method but to be

useful it has to be made more objective and
reliable

 Good define observation as

“observation deals with the overt behavior of

persons in appropriate situations”.
 Carter Goods and Skates have written about the
technique of observation. It is as follows:
 Observation is specific- it is not jumbled looking around for
general information's
 Scientific observation of the behavior- it is not chance
dropping in on a situations opportunistically.
 Observation is qualitative- by recording the number of
instances, certain types of behavior are noted
 Observation is recorded immediately-notes are
made promptly rather than drawing from memory
 Observation is an expert job- being done by
someone trained to do such job
 Observational results can be checked and
substantiated to ascertain reliability and validity.
 Questionnaire

 Goode and Hatt have defined questionnaires as

follows:
“ the word questionnaire refers to a device for securing
answer to questions by using a form which
respondent fills in himself”.
 According to Barr, Davis and Johnson,
“Questionnaire is a systematic compilation of
questions that are submitted to sampling of
population from which information is desired.”
 Types of questionnaire

 Closed questionnaire: in this, answer are given in

‘yes’ or ‘no’ or by ticking among a number of given
responses
 Open ended or unrestricted questionnaire: in this,
the examinee instead of answering yes or no, he
writes the full answer.
 Characteristics of a good questionnaire
 Questions included in the questionnaire should be
clear, appropriate and in keeping with its objective.
 The order of questions should be appropriate- starting
with general and simple and leading to specific and
tough.
 Directions in the questionnaire should be clear and
comprehensive.
 Each question should view one at a time.
 The language should be simple and un ambiguous,
so that answer can be written without confusion.
 Questions should be objectives and the number of
questions as afar as possible should be limited.
 Marking explanation should be simple and
intelligible.
 Questionnaires should be attractive enough in its
format and design.
 Interview

 Is an important and widely prevalent

technique of gathering information in the
field of guidance and counseling
 Types of interview

 Counseling interview- interview is supposed to be

the mainstay of the process of counseling. The
objective is to develop in the youngster the ability to
solve his problems and realize his potentials
 Group counseling-10-12 persons with similar
problems are made to sit in a group. In this
interview, everybody’s equal participation should be
ensured so that each one of them comes realize that
the problem under discussion is not only but is also
common to all those in the group
 Purpose of interview

 Is to gather different types of information and

particulars from an individual.
 Helping an individual to solve his educational,
vocational, social and personal problems and
adjustments.
 It helps in choosing suitable candidates for
various posts.
 Candidates are admitted into various courses
through interview.
 Certain physical defects in individuals, that
cannot be found through psychological test, can
be ascertained through interview.
 Interview elicits information on an individual’s
mannerism, aptitudes and views.
Thank you and
God Bless