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1 Surveying Concepts

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80 views

1 Surveying Concepts

Here are the solutions to the illustrative problems: [SOLUTIONS OMITTED FOR BREVITY]

Uploaded by

kervin manila
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CE 311

Elementary & Higher Surveying


Surveying Concept

 What do surveyors do?


 What do surveyors measure?
 What distances do surveyors measure?
 What angles do surveyors measure?
 What positions do surveyors measure?
Plate No. 1: Introduction to Surveying

1. What is Surveying?
2. What are the general classifications of Surveying?
3. What are the different types of Surveying?
4. What are the different categories of units of measurement?
5. What is the importance of Surveying in Civil Engineering
field?
SURVEYING

is the art and science of


measuring distances, angles, and
positions of points, lines, areas on
or near the surface of the earth or
on other extra-terrestrial bodies
through applied mathematics and
the use of specialized equipment
and techniques.
Two General Classifications of Surveying:

1. PLANE SURVEYING – type of surveying in which the earth is


considered to be a flat surface, and distances and areas involved
are of limited extent that the exact shape of the earth is
disregarded.

2. GEODETIC SURVEYING – are surveys of wide extent which take


into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.
Types of Surveys:
1. Cadastral Surveys
 In urban and rural locations (municipalities, towns)
 Purpose: determining and defining property lines and boundaries, corners,
and areas
2. City Surveys
 Areas in and near a city
 Purpose: planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines, fixing
reference monuments
3. Construction Surveys
 In construction sites
 Purpose: grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration, location
and elevation of structure
4. Forestry Surveys
 Forest management (production and conservation of forest land)
5. Hydrographic Surveys
 Bodies of water
 Purpose: to map shorelines, chart the shape of areas underlying water
surfaces, and measure the flow of streams
 Water Supply, irrigations, flood control
Types of Surveys:
6. Industrial Surveys
 Ship building, aircrafts, machineries
7. Mine Surveys
 Determine the position of all underground excavations and surface mine
structures, surface boundaries, excavated volumes, and establish lines
and grades
8. Photogrammetric Surveys (Aerial Survey)
 Photographs taken from airplanes
9. Topographic Surveys
 Determine the shape of the ground, location and elevations
10. Route Surveys
 Construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines,
and other linear projects
 Determines the alignment, grades, earthwork quantities
 SOME SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS

TRANSIT

DUMPY LEVEL

TRIPOD
TOTAL STATION
METER
STEEL TAPE

LEVELING STAFF
THEODOLITE
Surveying Measurements
Measurement is the process of determining the extent , size
or dimensions of a particular quantity in comparison to a
given standard.

Two Kinds of Measurements

1. DIRECT MEASUREMENT
• Comparison of measured quantity with a standard measuring
unit employed for measuring a quantity of that kind

2. INDIRECT MEASUREMENT
• Combination of many measurements
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Mega- = 1 000 000 Centi- = 0.01


Kilo- = 1 000 Milli- = 0.001
Hecto- = 100 Micro- = 0.000 001
Deca- = 10 Nano- = 0.000 000 001
Deci- = 0.1

1. Linear, Area, and Volume 2. Angular Measurements


Measurements
2π rad = 360 deg
1 km = 1 000 m
1 m = 1 000 mm Sexagesimal Units
1 mm= 1 000 um
1 deg = 60 mins
1 m = 10 dm 1 min = 60 sec
1 dm = 10 cm
1 cm = 10 mm Centesimal Units

1 ha = 10 000 sq m 1 rev = 400 grads


1 grad = 100 centesimal mins
1 L = 1 000 cc 1 c.mins = 100 centesimal sec
1 m3 = 1 000 000 cc
Conversion

 1 mile = 5280 ft
= 1.61 km
 1 foot = 12 inches
 1 yard = 3 ft
 1 meter = 3.28 ft
 1 km2 = 247.1 acres
 1 inch = 25.4 mm
Significant Figures Rounding Off Numbers

General Rules: Procedures:

Rule 1 : Zeroes between other 1.Digits less than 5.


significant figures are significant. When the digit to be dropped is less
than 5, the number is written without
ex. 4 SF: 12.03 35.06 4009 the digit.
Rule 2 :For any value less than one, 2. Digit is equal to 5.
zeroes immediately to the right of the
decimal are not significant. When the digit to be dropped is
exactly 5, the nearest even number is
ex. 3 SF: 0.00325 0.000826 0.0589 used for the preceding digit.

Rule 3 : Zeroes placed at the end of 3. Digit is greater than 5.


the decimal numbers are significant.
When the digit to be dropped is
ex. 5 SF: 739.80 190.00 38.000 greater than 5, the number is written
with the preceding digit increased by
one.
Errors vs. Mistakes

Error is the difference between the true value and the measured
value of the quantity.

Mistakes are inaccuracies in measurements which occur


because some aspect of a surveying operation is performed by
the surveyor with carelessness, inattention, poor judgment, and
improper execution.

Types of Errors Sources of Errors

1.Systematic Errors 1.Instrumental Errors


• can be computed and 2. Natural Errors
corrected 3. Personal Errors
2.Accidental Errors
• neglected
Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy
indicates how close a given measurement is to the absolute or true
value of the quantity measured.

Precision
Refers to the degree of refinement and consistency with which any
physical measurement is made.
Theory of Probability

Probability
The number of times something will probably occur over the
range of possible occurrences.

Most Probable Value (mpv)


The most probable value of a group of repeated measurements made
under similar conditions is the arithmetic mean or average.

mpv  x 
 x x
 1  x2  ...  xn
n n

Residual
The difference between any measured value of a quantity and its mpv

v  xx
Illustrative Problem:

The angles about a point Q have the following observed values:

130°15’20”, 142°37’30”, and 87°07’40”. Determine the most probable


value of each angle.
Probable Error
Is a quantity which, when added to and subtracted from the mpv,
defines a range within which there is a 50% chance that the true value
of the measured quantity lies inside (or outside) the limits

PEs  0.6745
v 2

n 1

PEm  0.6745
 v 2

n(n  1)

PEs = Probable error of a single measurement


PEm = Probable error of the mean
n = number of observations
Relative Precision
* Usually expressed in fraction having 1 as numerator

magnitudeoferror
RP 
magnitudeofrmeasuredquantity

Weighted Observation

1
W 2
E
W = weight being assigned
E = probable error
Interrelationship of Errors
1. Summation of Errors (Perimeter)

PES  PE12  PE22  ....  PEn2

PES = Probable error of the sum


PE1, PE2 , PEn = Probable error of each measurement

2. Product of Errors (Area)

PEP  (Q1  PE2 ) 2  (Q2  PE1 ) 2

PEP = Probable error of the product


Q1, Q2 = Measured quantity
PE1, PE2 = Probable error corresponding to each Q
Illustrative Problem
1. The ff values were determined in a series of tape
measurements of a line: 1000.58, 1000.40, 1000.38,
1000.48, and 1000.46. Determine the ff:
A. MPV of the measured length
B. PE of single measurement and mean
C. Final expression of the most probable length (MPL)
D. Relative precision of the measurement
Illustrative Problem
2. The three sides of a triangular shaped tract of land is given
by the following measurements and corresponding
probable error:
a = 180.21 ± 0.05m
b = 275.26 ± 0.02m
c = 156.31 ± 0.04m
Illustrative Problem
3. The two sides of a rectangular lot were measured with
certain estimated probable error as follows:
W = 271.35 ± 0.1m
L = 458.65 ± 0.08m
Determine the area of the lot and the probable error in the
resulting calculation.

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